tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27415700441903619972024-03-08T03:27:46.401-08:00Book report helpJanehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.comBlogger236125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-35689335713843912372020-08-27T14:20:00.001-07:002020-08-27T14:20:05.989-07:00American Literature - Margaret Fuller Research PaperAmerican Literature - Margaret Fuller - Research Paper Example Fullerââ¬â¢s father took a significant enthusiasm for the training of his little girl and it was from him that Fuller got her initial instruction, beginning to peruse from the age of three just as permitting her to have a solid handle on dialects, for example, Greek and Latin from an early age. Her dad can be considered to have profoundly affected forming Fullerââ¬â¢s women's activist character, as he gave her a training that didn't separate her dependent on her sexual orientation, by giving her exercises all in all subjects, as opposed to simply on subjects, for example, behavior, which was normal at that point (Von Mehren,, 1994). Fuller was very much educated and proceeded to go to a few schools, learning both German just as Italian. Fuller had begun distributing one-off articles in magazines by 1934, however when her dad kicked the bucket in 1935, leaving the family in a tough situation, she had to enjoy a reprieve from her composition and rather take center around the obli gation of teaching her more youthful kin. In this way she turned into an educator in Bronson Alcottââ¬â¢s Temple School and Green Street School for a time of two years, from 1936 to 1938. In 1939, Fuller got a proposal from a scholarly and philosophical diary called The Dial, which she acknowledged and where she worked during the multi year time of 1840 to 1842. Fuller served as the proofreader as well as composed an extraordinary number of articles and audits on a considerable number of themes regarding the matters of workmanship and writing. It was a result of her work here that Fuller initially started to increase a notoriety for being a significant figure in the supernatural development (Gura, 2007). During this timeframe Fuller kept her own reviewing, distributing her book ââ¬ËSummer in The Lakeââ¬â¢ in 1944 and distributing her well known article, ââ¬ËThe Great Lawsuit. Man versus Men, Woman versus Womenââ¬â¢ in 1943, which is broadly considered as the main wome n's activist work of America. The article was initially composed to be distributed in The Dial and concentrated on ladies' equity and the job ladies played in American Democracy. In 1844, Fuller moved to New York where she joined the New York Tribune as an abstract pundit, consequently achieving her situation as the primary full-time female book-analyst. 1n 1846, Fuller had become the journalistââ¬â¢s first female editorial manager. Fuller composed a considerable number of segments for this distribution, and her works remembered conversations for wide-running subjects, for example, craftsmanship and writing, just as socio-policy driven issues pertinent to the two ladies and other abused minority gatherings. In 1846, more full went to Europe as an outside journalist for the New York Tribune, once more, the principal female to do as such, where she met an extraordinary number of conspicuous authors and afterward sent back reports to America. It was additionally in Europe that Fulle r met Giuseppe Mazinni, with whom she was later to have a relationship just as a kid. In May, 1850, Fuller and her family set out on a boat to cruise back to the United States. Shockingly, the boat slammed at a short good ways from the shore of New York, murdering Fuller and her family, with their bodies tragically never recouped. Fuller passed on at forty years old. Margaret Fuller kicked the bucket youthful however left behind a heritage so extraordinary that maybe most womenââ¬â¢s rights and lobbyist gatherings can certify their advancement of most of the Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-16980324508603141752020-08-22T12:10:00.001-07:002020-08-22T12:10:39.194-07:00Walsh, Winterich and MittalRundown Walsh, Winterich and Mittal (2010) needed to see if logo upgrading help or hurt the brand or mentality towards it. They needed to decide its impact on brand responsibility. They characterized a logo as a realistic portrayal of a brand that acted so as to trigger the memory of the client towards that specific brand. There are different brand components that are basic for the achievement of an item and it to be perceived by clients however the brand logo has been recognized as the most observable visual element.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Walsh, Winterich and Mittal explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The state of the logo has been resolved to affect the brand responsibility. Numerous brands are imitating those of Asian nations. The bulbous structures with round shapes are wanted to those with more edges. So as to explore whether the round state of a logo has an impact, the creators examined the impacts of logo overhauling. In the exam ination, they were to keep an eye on three classes. The first comprised of those that accomplished no adjustment fit as a fiddle, the other classification comprised of those logos that had been overhauled to comprise of a precise shape and the last classification comprised of those that were at first rakish yet upgraded to be progressively adjusted. The outcomes indicated that 50% of the considerable number of logos that had been explored changed fit as a fiddle and sixty-eight percent of them had been updated to contain progressively adjusted shapes. Research has proposed that the responses of the clients towards the state of the logo contrast with the state of the logo, regardless of whether adjusted or precise. It has been recommended that the more adjusted logos make an impression of agreeability, concordance and benevolence. Then again, the precise logos delineate quality, strength and vitality. This implies the enhanced visualizations of a logo would have a ramifications on th e view of the clients. In any case, the creators didn't attempt to legitimize that a specific shape is better than the other is. They possibly attempted to clarify that if the logo was beforehand progressively precise and was updated to be increasingly adjusted, the clients would detect the distinction. They additionally analyzed the impacts that the extent of progress in the structure of the logo had to the degree of responsibility by the buyers to the brand. The creators proposed that those buyers who are unequivocally dedicated to a specific brand would be influenced adversely if the state of the logo is changed. This is conceivable because of the significance of logos as the component that speaks to that specific brand. This is likely lead to negative brand mentalities. In a similar line of thinking, those buyers who recently had a frail brand duty would probably create positive brand demeanor towards the upgrading of a brand logo.Advertising Looking for report on business finan cial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This examination demonstrated that the visual components of a brand, for example, the logo have a noteworthy ramifications on the brand. The roundedness of a logo was likewise increasingly wanted by the individuals who considered overhauling a logo. The creators cautioned supervisors and clarified that administrators commit an error when they feel that their most dedicated clients would be generally open if the logo is changed. In actuality, such clients may have a negative brand picture when the logo is changed. For instance, Apple neglected to promote the new logo successfully however just showed up in items and bundling. This may be the motivation behind why the unequivocally dedicated purchasers reacted contrarily. They may have been gotten off guard disillusioned by the new look that they had not envisioned. Evaluate Walsh, Winterich and Mittal (2011) additionally performed re search to examine how the customerââ¬â¢s reaction to the upgrading of a logo from its past rakish shape to a progressively adjusted shape was steady with their responsibility to the brand. The creators contended that the degree of duty of the buyers to the brand directed the impacts on the perspectives towards the brand that are probably going to be achieved by the way toward overhauling the logo. In any case, they contended that as much as the pledge to the brand had a positive effect towards brand perspectives of people who were recently familiar with the rakish logos, a similar responsibility had a pessimistic impact towards the brand demeanor if the logo was overhauled to be increasingly adjusted. The creators likewise saw that brand data was assumed as reliable with the state of the logo since inconsistence would influence brand perspectives. Subsequently, the creators prompted administrators to be cautious while upgrading logos since conflicting data would imperil brand dut y. Conclusion Every organization ought to be mindful so as to guarantee that the most dedicated shoppers are kept up. Such exercises as the updating of the logo ought to be drawn nearer at a specific point of view and be considered astutely. The unimportant changing of the state of the logo either to be increasingly adjusted or precise affects the brand mentalities and by and large toward brand duty. Chiefs ought to comprehend the ramifications of logo updating before thinking about performing it. Twitter commitment Social media has progressively become a significant device for advertising and the advancement of individual relations over the web. Twitter is one of the social apparatuses that have been utilized by advertisers and others in promoting their items. People have utilized it to publicize or illuminate others about specific things that are of worry to them and identified with business. Twitter is one of the most broadly utilized application by advertisers because of the qua ntity of individuals that utilization it, henceforth an enormous number of potential customers.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Walsh, Winterich and Mittal explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More As another individual from twitter, I have built up an extraordinary enthusiasm for this application and I have had the option to share a portion of the fascinating subjects with regards to showcasing. This has been made conceivable by the accessibility of the hash label utility. This empowers individuals to share normal perspectives and thoughts concerning a specific subject. I have by and by shared website pages on subjects, for example, commercial. The promotion that I shared was on YouTube and it was an Audi business. The organization was promoting its items, which are the different models of the Audi brand of vehicles. Another significant tweet I made was on the subject concerning the better approaches for arriving at the clients. This was whereby the clients could do some shopping while they hung tight for the metro. Advertisers utilized that chance to sell their items. I was likewise ready to tweet on the point, advertising and social obligations and it was about the Zain Company. I likewise tweeted and shared the article rundown and study. Along these lines, I had the option to take part in the worldwide endeavor of showcasing. Twitter is an extraordinary apparatus for imparting and sharing data since it is viable and quick. I was additionally ready to follow a portion of my preferred individuals, for example, Derrick Daye and Philip Kotler who are notable advertisers. Twitter is an incredible encounter and I am anticipating accomplishing additionally showcasing through it. References Walsh, M., Winterich, K., Mittal, V. (2011). How re-structuring precise logos to be adjusted shapes brand mentality: Consumer brand duty and self-understanding. Diary of Consumer Marketing, 28(6), 438-447. Walsh, M., Winterich, K., Mittal, V. (20 10). Do logo upgrades help or hurt your image? The job of brand responsibility. Diary of Product and Brand Management, 19(2), 76-84. This report on Walsh, Winterich and Mittal was composed and presented by client Eva Mays to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-46324189682018369682020-08-21T09:52:00.001-07:002020-08-21T09:52:16.280-07:00Critically Essays ExamplesCritically Essays ExamplesCritical essays is a job for writers who work with an intent to provide insight about the state of the nation in which they live. It's definitely not the kind of job that anyone can easily be pleased with as it requires complete dedication to completing their work in a timely manner and with as much detail as possible.Some of the critical essay examples, which are common in the writing world would include essays that pertain to politics, academic fields, and other subjects and people. But what about essay examples for the subject of politics? Well, that depends on how you look at things.Those who are looking for a job in politics might have a difficult time finding one as not many schools and other institutions to provide training to those who are interested in political writing. Those who are just starting out in the field and want to learn the basics first should take the time to read some critical essays examples to get a sense of the style and theme of p olitical writing.Another reason why most people would want to find some essays examples from politics is that those who work in politics will often write articles or commentaries to go along with those essays examples. In fact, you may even find yourself writing those in order to contribute to a particular article or to share an opinion about a particular issue. For this reason, writers will usually write more than one kind of article and thus choose the best one to put into context with their essay examples.Writers who write politically may also work with certain topics or ideas that are controversial. This is one of the many reasons why some of the more controversial issues are usually discussed in terms of their effect on the government. The result is that everyone feels the need to talk about it, while at the same time being able to remain objective when doing so.So that brings us to the point of finding essay examples that pertain to topics like gay marriage, religion, and abor tion. It may seem odd that these kinds of topics are in the same category, but they are. Some may be controversial, while others may not.Political essays for these issues are the same as those written about political and social issues in general. Those who write on a variety of topics are in great demand for both individuals and companies.That's not to say that political essays don't have a place in the writing world. On the contrary, they do a great job at it. If someone is looking for a career in writing and would like to get into the competitive business of essays writing, then they would do well to read as many critical essays examples as possible and get a sense of the style and tone that will best fit their needs. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-49356644363972282452020-05-25T20:42:00.001-07:002020-05-25T20:42:02.822-07:00Lincoln s Impact On The Civil War - 1564 Words Abraham Lincoln Research Paper During the Civil War, was Abraham Lincoln the cause or the cure? Abraham Lincoln, the man that hit right path toward life while earning respect. He worked hard most of his life and at law, and as a president to keep our nation in one during the Civil War. He had the mindset to get where he needed to go. He lived a long and resentful life full of problems that he fixed. Lincolnââ¬â¢s early life, Lincoln enters presidency, Lincolnââ¬â¢s impact on the Civil War as a president, Lincolnââ¬â¢s Emancipation Proclamation, Lincolnââ¬â¢s Gettysburg address. Lincolnââ¬â¢s impact of slaves after the Civil War during Reconstruction, Lincolnââ¬â¢s death. Lincoln, the president that held our nation together. Lincolnââ¬â¢s early life. As quoted from History.com, ââ¬Å"Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, in a one-room log cabin in Hardin County, Kentuckyâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Abraham Lincolnâ⬠), to his parents Thomas and Nancy Lincoln. They moved around and eventually settled in another small cabin the backwoodsââ¬â¢ of Indiana. As said by biography.com, ââ¬Å"Where the family squatted on public land to scrap out a living in a crude shelter, hunting game and farming a small plot,â⬠(ââ¬Å"Abraham Lincoln biographyâ⬠). Lincolnââ¬â¢s father was able to buy the land that they had settled on. A year after his motherââ¬â¢s death (Nancy Lincoln) he grew far apart from his father. His father then married a widow named Sarah Bush Johnston, who encouraged Lincoln to read and write. Lincoln worked hard most of his life. He became veryShow MoreRelatedLincoln s Impact On The Civil War1542 Words à |à 7 PagesAbraham Lincoln Research Paper Who was the Greatest President that ever lived! Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln was a very well respected man at an early age. He worked hard most of his life and worked hard in law, and as a president to keep our nation in one during the Civil War. He had the mindset to get where he needed to go. He lived a long and resentful life full of problems that he fixed. Lincolnââ¬â¢s early life, Lincoln enters presidency, Lincolnââ¬â¢s impact on the Civil War as a president, Lincolnââ¬â¢sRead MoreWar : The North And South1150 Words à |à 5 PagesChapter 20: Girding for War: The North and South (Pg. 377) What menacing circumstances greeted Lincoln upon his ascension into the White House? Menacing circumstances that greeted Lincoln upon his ascension into the White House was the disunity of seven departed states and eight on the edge. The Menace of Secession (Pg. 377) What potential future and present problems with a disunited America did Lincoln concentrate on in his first inaugural address? Lincoln s goal throughout his presidencyRead MoreEssay about The Reconstruction Era: The Planted Seeds1231 Words à |à 5 PagesThe first roar of the Civil War ended with a last gasp for air. Where in such a war more than six hundred twenty thousand men sacrificed their lives for their own belief in the abolishment of slavery (ââ¬Å"Civil War Factsâ⬠). ââ¬Å"We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain. That this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedomâ⬠(Baslor). These wise words of Abraham Lincoln cleared the way of a desolate trail of violence and pain, yet he was determined to accomplish his plansRead MoreAbraham Lincoln Has Been An Iconic Figure Of The United1538 Words à |à 7 PagesAbraham Lincoln has been an iconic figure of the United States. Abraham Lincoln is viewed as a political icon. He was an idealized and iconic figure in the American culture. His efforts to ends the slavery and bringing the United States to a completel y new culture certainly made him a political icon. He is the only American President that is on the list when we talk about the iconic personalities. He has acquired a culturally significant stature in the American society. The movies have been madeRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And His Impact On The World1131 Words à |à 5 PagesApril 1, 2016 Abraham Lincoln and his impact on the world Abraham Lincoln was born February 12, 1809 in Hodgenville, Kentucky but he grew up on the western side of the United States; he was self educated and eventually became a lawyer in Illinois. He was the 16th President of the United States; he was president from March 1861 until his assassination by John Wilkes Booth in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War, which was the United States bloodiest war and an event oftenRead MoreAbraham Lincoln : The President That Held Our Nation Together1017 Words à |à 5 PagesAbraham Lincoln Research Paper Abraham Lincoln. The president that held our nation together. Lincolnââ¬â¢s early life. Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, in a log cabin in Hardin County Kentucky, to his parents Thomas Lincoln, and mother Nancy Lincoln. They moved around and eventually settled in the back-woods of Indiana. They lived in a small cabin in the back-country of Indiana. As said by biography.com, ââ¬Å"where the family squatted on public land to scrap out a living in a crudeRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1163 Words à |à 5 Pages Four score and seven years ago... These are the famous words that start Abraham Lincoln s famous Gettysburg Address from November 19, 1963, which was an inspiring speech regarding equal rights. This speech was delivered during a time when much of the country was at odds on the very topic of slavery and equal rights for all men. In the 1860ââ¬â¢s, equal rights were a hot button issue. Slavery was a major point of debate during Lincolnââ¬â¢s run for presidency in 1860. The debate over equal rightsRead MoreSlavery And The American Civil War1125 Words à |à 5 PagesSanjani Prodduturu Slavery and Civil War Throughout history, it has been commonly misconceived that slavery and the abolishment of slavery has been the sole cause of the American Civil War. Whereas the institution of slavery has been a major cause of the war, the differences in ideologies and beliefs between the North and the South also play a role in the origins of the Civil War. The origins of the Civil War can also be attributed to the political, economical, social, and cultural differences betweenRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1203 Words à |à 5 PagesAbraham Lincoln was president during the 1860 s .Some states in our country argued over slavery. The northern states fought the southern states in the Civil War. When the Civil ended ,Abraham Lincoln was killed he had kept the United States together as one nation. After Abraham Lincoln died ,people wanted a memorial for him. It took almost 50 years before it was built. It was decided that the memorial should look like a temple from Greece. It was also decided that there would be a statue of s AbrahamRead MoreAbraham Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address1685 Words à |à 7 PagesAbraham Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address History remembers Abraham Lincoln as one of the greatest leaders. He has made many significant contributions to the history of the United States and is considered one of the greatest presidents. He sacrificed himself for what he believed in, even if it meant starting a war against his own country. He believed in equality for everyone and that all men were created equal. As president he is best remembered for leading the Union through the Civil War and Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-15573186965925550462020-05-15T03:02:00.001-07:002020-05-15T03:02:03.725-07:00The Time Of Industrialization And Urban Areas - 1817 Words The time of industrialization brought the population from rural to suburban and urban areas. Many people have moved closer to cities for jobs. Others leave because there isnââ¬â¢t much left in rural areas besides farming. Since then, people have continued to move out of the country sides and into urban areas leaving smaller towns with fewer people. The idea of small town America is becoming more obscure as people continue to leave. The small town in Chester County, Pennsylvania had a similar outcome in the 1970s. The picture appears to show a typical town in rural America. The small townââ¬â¢s picture appears to have been taken on a dark and dreary day. The town appears almost empty with only the cemetery of the dead remaining. From the picture, it appears as though quite literally, rural life in America is dying with the many dead people in the cemetery. All the trees in the town have no leaves. They sit leafless and dead along the streets and in yards. The grass also appears browner and lifeless. This is all very symbolic in the idea that this town, and in general that small towns are dying out. This left rural towns secluded and out of reach to the busy outside world. People wanted to be a part of the new technological world, which often left these small rural towns in the dust. Leaving the rural areas created more urban sprawl, which led to many issues. Once people began living closer to and in cities, it began to create problems. These problems would create the idea of urbanShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Urbanization and Industrialization Essay911 Words à |à 4 Pages18th century, had a significant urbanizing effect. Industrialization is the basic driving force of urbanization and urbanization, cities, are the important land for industrialization. Industrialization and urbanization are just like brothers that grow and develop together and developed each other (Lexicon Universal Encyclopedia, 1997). Industrialization is the initiator of urbanization and urbanization is the inevitable result of industrialization. The inventions of railroad tracks, automobiles, telephonesRead MoreUrban Migration During The Industrialization1708 Words à |à 7 PagesIndustrialization was a period that brought about many changes. One of the changes that happened during this period was the change of working atmospheres from farms and homes to factories. Industrialization in both England and China had a massive impact on the working conditions in both countries. In England, the percentage of population living in urban areas saw an increase from 17% to 72% in during the Industrial Revolution (Watson). Chinaââ¬â¢s urban population rose from 26% to 53% in 2012 whichRead MoreIndustrial Revolution1160 Words à |à 5 Pagesï » ¿ Industrialization of the 19th Century in America Matt Capone FIN 419 Professor Moore May 3, 2014 Over the course of time, the country of America has changed in many ways. Towards the end of the 19th century, a significant change took place in the fundamental structure of the economy. That change was industrialization. During this time period, the United States of America changed from a large, agricultural country, to an urban industrial society. The process of industrializationRead MoreThe Industrialization of the Northern United States Essays1504 Words à |à 7 PagesA Connecticut minister, Horace Bushnell, once said that the industrialization of the United States north produced a ââ¬Å"complete revolutionâ⬠in Americansââ¬â¢ ââ¬Å"life and manners.â⬠The complete revolution that Bushnell speaks of was an era of industrialization triggered by a population growth, an increase in literacy rates, and the development of labor-saving technologies in the northern region of the United States. This dramatic economic and social transformation instigated a series of outc omes, both positiveRead MoreNegative Effects Of Industrialization711 Words à |à 3 PagesAlthough Industrialization appears to be beneficial for humanity as far as technology and businesses are considered, nevertheless, I believe that Industrialization has increased poverty and made the world lazy. Therefore, I believe that Industrialization has done more harm than good for humanity. Around 3200 B.C.E., as the First Civilizations took shape, inequality and hierarchy soon came to be regarded as normal and natural (Strayer 71). Much like today, the upper classes enjoyed great wealth inRead MoreUrbanization, Industrialization, Popullation1376 Words à |à 6 PagesGroup Presentation Report On topic: How and Why Industrialization, Population and Urbanization are related: Social Relations, Social Control and Law? Student: Yen Hoang Keuka College How and Why Industrialization, Population and Urbanization are related: Social Relations, Social Control and Law? Industrialization, Population Growth and Urbanization are in dynamic relationship with each other that also has been contributing to change various aspects of Social Relations, Social ControlRead MoreIndustrialization Essay526 Words à |à 3 PagesIndustrialization As George Donelson Moss, author of America in the twentieth century states it; modern America emerged during the last thirty years of the nineteenth century. With most of the century consisting of farmers and smaller towns and country-like living, the later parts of the century brought industrialization and businesses. This changes forced Americans to view and live life differently. Of the important elements that influenced America in the nineteenth century, industrializationRead MoreIndustrialization after the Civil War1164 Words à |à 5 PagesIndustrialization after the Civil War Industrialization during the 1860ââ¬â¢s through the 1900ââ¬â¢s caused many problems globally. Industrialization changed a lot in the US for Americans because it made it easier for citizens to do labor work, expanded capital for businesses and opened up many job opportunities for people. Although this was beneficial to the Americans it caused other problems to escalate, and caused many people to flee into the cities, as well as caused a differentiation between the richRead MoreIndustrialization After the Civil War Research Paper1321 Words à |à 6 PagesAssignment 1.2: Research Paper Industrialization after the Civil War Shana Dukes History 105 Professor Tracey M. Biagas February 3. 2014 Introduction Industrialization after the Civil War was a period where Industrial city were being built, there were jobs for people and the political aspect was having corruption. In this paper the main points in this paper discussed the major aspects of the Industrialization Revolution, such as groups that were affected by the Industrial society,Read MoreUrban Development And Urban Areas960 Words à |à 4 Pagesis the process by which the people are migrating from the rural area to urban area for the searching the employment opportunities. In the processes increases the number of people living in the cities among those people who are living in the rural areas. In the process the day to day become a number of the people increased those who are migrating from the rural area to urban areas. Most of the people are migrating from the rural to urban because of good quality of facilities provided by the State. The Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-56827599083124888582020-05-06T16:03:00.001-07:002020-05-06T16:03:33.171-07:00The French And Indian War On The Relationship - 894 Words The Result of the French and Indian War on the Relationship between England and its American Colonies The years of 1754-1763 were turbulent ones in North America. Restlessness took form in the French and Indian war, where French land in North America was fought over. When the war ended, the French land was ceded over to England and Spain, which resulted in serious alterations in the relationship between Britain and the American colonies. The French and Indian war changed the characteristics of British taxation which united the previously separated colonies against a common cause and spurred on the colonists fight for independence. Initially, the war modified how Britain taxed and enforced laws against its colonies. This came about because after the war, England found itself in enormous debt, and began to search for a way to start paying it back and restore the economy. One way to earn money, as explained by the British treasury, was to fix the situation in the colonies, where the money being spent to collect taxes was greater than the actual income. The new round of taxes began with the Sugar Act, Britainââ¬â¢s attempt to pay for the upkeep of the British army in America. The colonies response to this, especially in Boston, was to boycott the tax. They reacted as such because they argued that the tax wasnââ¬â¢t justified due to their belief that they didnââ¬â¢t have representation in parliament, however, Britain countered the argument with the idea of ââ¬Å"virtual representationâ⬠andShow MoreRelatedFrench and Indian War: Relationship between America and Britain945 Words à |à 4 Pages Th e effects after the French and Indian War created an unbalanced relationship between Britain and the British colonies. The victory allowed Britain to expand their territory, but also brought Britain in great debt. Britain believed that Parliament should have more authority over the colonists and so they put in Acts to enforce their rules. The many different Acts created resentment throughout the colonies towards their mother country. The French and Indian War also had the effect on the coloniesRead MoreFrench and Indian War in the Colonies Essay1657 Words à |à 7 Pagesimpact in the war of the French and Indian war. The Seven Years War (called the French and Indian War in the colonies) lasted from 1756 to 1763, forming a chapter in the imperial struggle between Britain and France called the Second Hundred Years War. In the early 1750s, Frances expansion into the Ohio River valley repeatedly brought it into conflict with the claims of the British colonies, especially Virginia. When Robert Dinwiddie, Lieutenant Governor of Virginia, learned that the French had buildRead MoreThe Political Consequences Of The French And Indian War740 Words à |à 3 Pages The French and Indian War was between the French and the English over the Ohio Valley within the years of 1754 and 1763. It started when a series of battles occurred in Ohio Valley. Ohio Valley was claimed by both the British and the French as their territory, which created serious conflict. The British were ultimately victorious, but suffered losses as well. As a result of The French and Indian war the political, economical, and ideological aspects were altered significantly between Britain andRead MoreThe Battle Of The Revolutionary War961 Words à |à 4 Pagesof the North American Indian tribes in these areas affiliated themselves with either the French or British troops. The relatively small population of the French relied on the manpower of their Indian allies in warfare. Even though the British had a larger population, they too depended on the Indians for support during battles. This intense competition for an alliance with different Indian tribes led to a complex relation ship between the Indians and Europeans. The Indians aligned themselves withRead MoreCompare and Contrast He American and British Views Regarding the French and Indian War.604 Words à |à 3 PagesThe French and Indian War, was a war fought between France and Britain. The war was the product of an imperial struggle, a clash between the French and English over colonial territory and wealth. Great Britain claimed that the French provoked war by building forts along the Ohio River Valley. Virginiaââ¬â¢s governor sent a militia to the French and Native American allies. The war started out badly for Great Britain, about 2,000 British and colonial troops were defeated by the French and Native AmericansRead MoreEssay Early European Exploration1055 Words à |à 5 Pagescontinent. Thus began an inconsistent and often times unstable relationship between the European settlers and the North American Indians. Two nations who had particularly interesting relationships with the Native Amer icans were the British and the French, both of whom took different approaches to their relations with the Indians economically as well as culturally. Neither nation had complete trust for the Indians, nor did the Indians ever completely trust the men who arrived on floating islandsRead MoreSource Analysis Us History Essay989 Words à |à 4 PagesUsâ⬠: Native American Views as British Replace the French in the Lower Mississippi Valley, 1765 2.) Answer the following questions based on a reading of the above document and material from your textbook. -------------------------------------------- 1.) TYPE OF DOCUMENT: Is this a primary or a secondary source? -Primary 2.) DATE(S) OF DOCUMENT: When was this document created? -It was created shortly after the British replaced the French in the Lower Mississippi Valley in 1765 3.) AUTHORRead MoreThe Legacy Of The American Indian War1544 Words à |à 7 Pagesââ¬Å"Our nation was born in genocide when it embraced the doctrine that the original American, the Indian, was an inferior race. Even before there were large numbers of Negroes on our shore, the scar of racial hatred had already disfigured colonial society. From the sixteenth century forward, blood flowed in battles over racial supremacy. We are perhaps the only nation which tried as a matter of national policy to wipe out its indigenous populationâ⬠(Martin Luther King Jr.). It is said, that startingRead MoreThe Causes of the Seven Years War1814 Words à |à 7 PagesThe French and Indian war represents the generic notion for what is known in the history of the European continent as the Seven Years War. This war represented an important moment in the history of the United States, despite the fact that the actual confrontation and the political disputes had included the French and the British. A lthough the political matters were related to the colonial issues the two sides had on the European continent, the major battlefield in this sense were disputed in theRead MoreIroquois : Native Life, Assimilation, And War1554 Words à |à 7 PagesIroquois: Native Life, Assimilation, and War The Iroquois nations, one of the oldest and most prestigious tribes in the history of all Native Americans. In this paper I will be showing why the Iroquois ended up siding with the English through the French and Indian, and Revolutionary wars through factors of colonization. I will also be showing some features of their culture, considering the iroquois are not well known in the western United States, and discussing the fall of the once great tribes. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-72551946521267001412020-05-05T18:33:00.001-07:002020-05-05T18:33:13.048-07:00Plastic Surgery for the Other Essay Example For Students Plastic Surgery for the Other Essay Starting with modernity, we have entered an era of production of the Other. It is no longer a question of killing, of devouring or seducing the Other, of facing him, of competing with him, of loving or hating the Other. It is first of all a matter of producing the Other. The Other is no longer an object of passion but an object of production. Maybe it is because the Other, in his radical otherness alterite, or in his irreducible singularity, has become dangerous or unbearable. And so, we have to conjure up his seduction. Or perhaps, more simply, otherness and dual relationships gradually disappear with the rise of individual values and with the destruction of the symbolic ones. In any case, otherness alterite is lacking and, since we cannot experience otherness as destiny, one must produce the other as difference. And this is a concern just as much for the body as it is for sex, or for social relationships. In order to escape the world as destiny, the body as destiny, sex (and the other sex) as destiny, the production of the other as difference is invented. This is what happens with sexual difference. Each sex has its own anatomical and psychological characteristics, its own desire with all the insoluble events that emerge from that, including an ideology of sex and desire, and a utopia of sexual difference based on law and nature. None of this has any meaning sens whatsoever in seduction where it is not a question of desire but of a play jeu with desire, and where it is not a question of equality between different sexes or of an alienation of one by the other since this play jeu implies a perfect reciprocity of each partner (not difference or alienation, but alterity/otherness alterite or complicity). Seduction is nothing less than hysterical, since no sex projects its sexuality onto the other. Distances are set. And otherness alterite is left untouched. This is the very condition of this greater illusion, of this play with desire. What is produced with the romantic turn, at the turn of the 19th century, is on the contrary the putting into play of a masculine hysteria and, with it, of a change in sexual paradigms that once again must be reinserted in the more general and universal context of a change in the paradigms of otherness. During this hysterical phase, it is to a certain extent the femininity of men that is projected onto women and that shape them as ideal figures of likeness ressemblance. Romantic love is no longer about winning over a womans heart, or about seducing her. It is rather a matter of creating her from inside de linterieur, of inventing her, either as a realized utopia (an idealized woman), or as a femme fatale, a star, which is yet another hysterical and supernatural metaphor. This is the entire work of the romantic Eros: he is the one who has invented such an ideal harmony, such a love fusion, almost an incestuous form, between twin beings (woman as a projected resurrection of the same, and woman who takes her supernatural shape only as an ideal of the same), an artifact from now on destined to love, that is to say destined to a pathos of ideal likeness ressemblance of beings and sexes, a pathetic confusion that replaces the dual otherness alterite of seduction. The entire erotic machine ry changes meaning/direction sens because the erotic attraction that once came from otherness alterite, from the strangeness of the Other, now shifts to the side of the Same, to the side of similarity and likeness ressemblance. .u338c6d13622c6e2c39bda75cfebe226f , .u338c6d13622c6e2c39bda75cfebe226f .postImageUrl , .u338c6d13622c6e2c39bda75cfebe226f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u338c6d13622c6e2c39bda75cfebe226f , .u338c6d13622c6e2c39bda75cfebe226f:hover , .u338c6d13622c6e2c39bda75cfebe226f:visited , .u338c6d13622c6e2c39bda75cfebe226f:active { border:0!important; } .u338c6d13622c6e2c39bda75cfebe226f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u338c6d13622c6e2c39bda75cfebe226f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u338c6d13622c6e2c39bda75cfebe226f:active , .u338c6d13622c6e2c39bda75cfebe226f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u338c6d13622c6e2c39bda75cfebe226f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u338c6d13622c6e2c39bda75cfebe226f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u338c6d13622c6e2c39bda75cfebe226f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u338c6d13622c6e2c39bda75cfebe226f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u338c6d13622c6e2c39bda75cfebe226f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u338c6d13622c6e2c39bda75cfebe226f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u338c6d13622c6e2c39bda75cfebe226f .u338c6d13622c6e2c39bda75cfebe226f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u338c6d13622c6e2c39bda75cfebe226f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: WalMart Essay Auto-eroticism? Incest? No, but rather a hypostasis of the Same. Of the same that eyes the other, that invests and alienates himself in the other. But the other is never more than the ephemeral form of a difference that draws me closer to the I me rapproche de moi. It is also the reason why, with romantic love and all its current by-products, sexuality draws nearer to death: it is because sexuality is getting closer to incest and to its own destiny, even if it is banalized (for it is no longer a . Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-83241367851481561912020-04-12T04:03:00.001-07:002020-04-12T04:03:02.219-07:00The Verbanets RD Team Integration of Information TechnologiesJanehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-86672965351955230682020-03-10T16:21:00.001-07:002020-03-10T16:21:02.710-07:00Effects of the American Revolution on BritainEffects of the American Revolution on Britain American success in the Revolutionary War created a new nation, while British failure tore away part of the empire. Such consequences were inevitably going to have impacts, but historians debate their extent compared with those of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, which would test Britain soon after their American experience. Modern readers might expect Britain to have suffered greatly as a result of losing the war, but its possible to argue that the hostilities were survived so well that Britain could fight a very long war against Napoleon soon after. Financial Effect Britain spent a huge amount of money fighting the Revolutionary War, sending the national debt soaring and creating a yearly interest of nearly 10 million pounds. Taxes had to be raised as a result. The trade that Britain had relied on for wealth was severely interrupted. Imports and exports experienced large drops and the following recession caused stocks and land prices to plummet. Trade was also affected by naval attacks from Britainââ¬â¢s enemies, and thousands of merchant ships were captured. On the other hand, wartime industries, such as the naval suppliers and the part of the textile industry that made uniforms, experienced a boost. Unemployment fell as Britain struggled to find enough men for the army, which caused them to hire German soldiers. British privateers experienced as much success preying on enemy merchant ships as almost any of their opponents. The effects on trade were short term. British trade with the new USA rose to the same level as trade with the colonies by 1785, and by 1792 trade between Britain and Europe had doubled. Additionally, while Britain gained an even larger national debt, it was in a position to live with it, and there were no financially motivated rebellions like those in France. Indeed, Britain was able to support several armies during the Napoleonic wars and field its own instead of paying for other people. Its been said that Britain actually prospered from losing the war. Effect on Ireland Many in Ireland opposed British rule and saw the American Revolution as a lesson to be followed and a set of brothers fighting against Britain. While Ireland had a parliament, only Protestants voted for it and the British could control it, which was far from ideal. Campaigners for reform in Ireland reacted to the struggle in America by organizing groups of armed volunteers and a boycott of British imports. The British were afraid a full-blown revolution would emerge in Irelandà and made concessions. Britain relaxed its trade restrictions on Ireland, so they could trade with British colonies and freely export wool, and reformed the government by allowing non-Anglicans to hold public office. They repealed the Irish Declaratory Act, which had secured Irelands dependence on Britain while granting full legislative independence. The result was that Ireland remained part of the British Empire. Political Effect A government that can survive a failed war without pressure is rare, and Britains failure in the American Revolution led to demands for constitutional reform. The hardcore of government was criticized for the way it had run the war and for the apparent power it had, with fears that Parliament had ceased to represent the views of the people- except for the wealthy- and was simply approving everything the government did. Petitions flooded from the Association Movement demanding a pruning of the kingââ¬â¢s government, the expansion of voting, and a redrawing of the electoral map. Some even demanded universal manhood suffrage. The Association Movement had huge power around early 1780, and it achieved widespread support. That did not last long. In June 1780 the Gordon Riots paralyzed London for almost a week with destruction and murder. While the cause of the riots was religious, landowners and moderates were frightened away from supporting more reform and the Association Movement declined. Political machinations throughout the early 1780s also produced a government with little inclination for constitutional reform. The moment passed. Diplomatic and Imperial Effect Britain may have lost 13 colonies in America, but it retained Canada and land in the Caribbean, Africa, and India. It began to expand in these regions, building what has been called the Second British Empire, which eventually became the largest dominion in world history. Britainââ¬â¢s role in Europe was not diminished, its diplomatic power was soon restored, and it was able to play a key role in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars despite the loss across the sea. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-15430255571874688162020-02-23T06:48:00.001-08:002020-02-23T06:48:02.512-08:00Read and answer question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1Read and answer question - Essay Example From this, the whole organization would benefit and remain with their misconducts. In application of the individualism approach to decision-making involving a long-term serve of self-interest, Antonio would tell of the fraud to the insurance company, which despite ruining his job at Express Luxury Lines, would create ethics in the organization. Putting myself into Antonioââ¬â¢s place, I would make a decision of the individualism approach though ethical of stopping the fraud against the insurance company by Express Luxury Lines. This is a decision in the post-conventional level of moral development, which involves making decisions with principled conscience as long as the decision is ethical without fear of the social consequences attributed to it. In the event that Antonio and Kevin are fired from Express Luxury Lines because of them reporting Expressesââ¬â¢ fraud, it would not be justified for them to remove all traces of their employment at the Cruise line from their resumes so as not to explain it to the prospective employer. Contrary to that, this should be an opportunity for them to ascertain their ethical behaviors in decision-making processes, making it known to the prospective employer that it is due to their strong ethical stand that they were fired, hence are the best placed employees in ensuring sanity in the Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-18467169495018595652020-02-06T23:35:00.001-08:002020-02-06T23:35:02.895-08:00Tang Dynasty Culture Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsTang Dynasty Culture Art - Essay Example The animals that were frequently found in Tang ceramics were created using so many molds and then by putting the pieces together and strengthening those areas with clay plugs on the inside to try to reduce strain on the joints. During this period, it was featured with enghlitement in trade and peace with other foreign nations. Evidence of these foreigners is seen in the figures on tombs during this time. Several nationalities were noted in the pottery. Importation of horses also marked this period, and this period was famously known for its horses that were displayed in its funerary artwork (Ebrey, pg. 127)The most common form of pottery that was famous during this time was the globular jars and offering trays that had horizontal rims. Because of the vast nature of china as a country, the ceramics were varying from one region to the other during this period. In the northern central region, the stoneware is seen to be fine, and the common practice was covering it with a thin whitish s lip. In the east and southeast region, the pottery is stouter with short straight spout that is set on the shoulder.During this period, there is also curious interest in the transmutation glaze in which the high-fired stoneware is seen to change its colors to kilns. This is seen especially when the blue or gray place flecks are applied to a dark or brown background that resembles tea-dusk. The dynasty of tang was crucial in the ceramics development and the contribution of clay bodies, glaze techniques and firing methods. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-995129041568228042020-01-29T02:08:00.001-08:002020-01-29T02:08:02.454-08:00Nature is such a beautiful place Essay Example for Free Nature is such a beautiful place Essay Life is getting hard and expensive as the years are passing by. The prices on food, and other utility prices are going up. People have school, work and a family to look out for and do not have the time to enjoy the simple things in life that earth has to offer which is nature. In the essay of ââ¬Å"An entrance to the Woodsâ⬠Wendell Berry. He admits to living such a fast paste of life that is hard to come back down to the ground and enjoy what is in front of him. People pass by things so quickly and donââ¬â¢t pay attention that they fail to appreciate them. Once a person slows down, they could see what surrounds them. Nature is a good way to find yourself because it is easy to escape from the influence society has. Nature has away of taking away the things that are stressing us and giving away a chance to become refreshed. ââ¬Å" In the middle of the afternoon I left off being busy at work, and drove sixty or seventy miles an hour, hardly aware of the country I was passing through, because on the freeway one does not have to be. The landscape has been subdued so that one may drive over it as seventy miles per hour without any concession whatsoever to oneââ¬â¢s whereabouts. One might as well be flying. Though one is Kentucky one is not experiencing Kentucky. One is experiencing the highway, which might be in nearly any hill country east of the Mississippi.â⬠(Berry, 88) During berryââ¬â¢s time in the woods, he writes ââ¬Å"A man enters and leaves the world naked. And it is only nakedor nearly so that he can enter and leave the wilderness. If he walks, that is; and if he doesnââ¬â¢t walk it can hardly be said that he has entered. He can bring only what he can carry the little that it takes to replace for a few hours or a few days an animalââ¬â¢s fur and teeth and claws and functioning instincts. And comparison to the usual traveler with his dependence on machines and highways and restaurant and motelson the economy and the government, in shortthe man who walks into the wilderness is naked indeed. He leaves behind his work, his household, his duties, his comfortseven, if he comes alone, his words. Heà immerses himself in what he is not. It a kind of death.â⬠(Berry, 90) We came to this world naked, and that is how we should enter and leave the wilderness. If we walk using our feet and explore the wilderness thatââ¬â¢s how we can say that we entered the wilderness. The little that we bring to survive, it is gone in a few hours or days. An animal uses its fur, teeth and animal instincts to survive versus a traveler that needs machines, highways and restaurants and motels. To be in the wilderness one has to leave behind the work, the household, duties and comforts and even his words. One has get out of its comfort zone, and use your own abilities to survive the wilderness. It is like taking a risk of death. Wendell Berry own experience where he is up and left civilization. The work setting to enter a nature environment devoted to being self efficient on nature. Berry loved and respected nature, he wanted to develop his appreciation further, as he wanted it to evolve and understand for it. He wanted to know how nature worked, and learn itââ¬â¢s reason for being. Berryââ¬â¢s goal was met through this act and it was gratifying experience to escape from moderation and become organic. Berry realizes the purpose of the trip, but the connection to nature cannot replace to connection to man. In the essay of ââ¬Å" Why I went to the woodsâ⬠by Henry David Thoreau. Thoreau tried to produce his own crops, to live from the labor of his own hands, and to get rid of all the complicating things that distracted him from lifeââ¬â¢s true meaning by living in the woods. â⬠Thoreau wanted time to read, write, and think. He wanted to make time for nature. And he wanted to test himself, to see just how much he could simplify his life, to determine how much time he could save to do what he really wanted to do with every minute of everydayâ⬠( Thoreau, 700) Thoreau mentions that he wants to live a deliberately life. To live deliberately means to take care and think of everything that you do in life, and not to do anything just for the heck of it. Everything that we do has to have a purpose and a meaning, and that is not a waste of time. ââ¬Å"slow down rather than to speed up, to saver a few things fully rather than sample many things fleeting, and have time to decide what, in the long run of his shortà life, matters most and why.â⬠(Thoreau, 700) ââ¬Å" I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essentials fact of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not live I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to proactive resignation, unless it was quite necessary. I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life, to live so sturdily and Spartan-like as to put to rout all that was not life, to cut a broad swath and shave close, to drive life into a corner and reduce it to its lowest terms, and if it proved to be mean, why then to get the whole and genuine meanness of it and publish its meanness to the world, or if it were sublime, to know it by experience, and be able to give a true account of it in my next excursion.â⬠( Thoreau, 701) By living in the woods he will be living a simple life away from civilization and to see his strength and weakness. By not being accustomed to that type of lifestyle he might die. When all hope is gone he realizes there are many things he have not tried. The simplest things in life could be and mean much more. Life is precious. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-53324569617541344462020-01-20T22:29:00.001-08:002020-01-20T22:29:03.122-08:00Julius Caesar Essay: Loyalty and Justice in Julius Caesar Loyalty and Justice in Julius Caesar à In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, one must read the text closely to track the shifting motivations and loyalties of each character as the play progresses. An important factor that must be kept in mind while reading is the degree of loyalty, in other words, the degree to which characters act out of a motivation to help others. Throughout the play, each character's current degree of loyalty to others is clearly exhibited by words or behavior ââ¬â this holds true for the characters of Brutus, Cassius, Antony, Portia, and Calpurnia. The focus on loyalty is critical because before the play ends an even-handed justice is meted out to a number of people who fail to live up to an expected standard of loyalty to others. à à à à à à à à à à à Mark Antony, for example, begins the play strongly loyal to Caesar, and his actions through the death of Caesar in Act 3 are clearly motivated by his desire to support Caesar's cause. Something goes wrong somewhere, though, as by 4.1 Antony is engaged in dividin... Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-61288713406646143722020-01-12T18:53:00.001-08:002020-01-12T18:53:05.512-08:00Himachal PredeshHimachal Pradesh (Hindi: à ¤ ¹Ã ¤ ¿Ã ¤ ®Ã ¤ ¾Ã ¤Å¡Ã ¤ ² à ¤ ªÃ ¥ à ¤ °Ã ¤ ¦Ã ¥â¡Ã ¤ ¶ [à ¦Ã ªmaà tÃÆ'Ãâ¢l prÃâ¢dà ªeà ÃÆ'] ( listen)) is a state in Northern India. It is spread over 21,495 sq mi (55,670 km2),[3] and is bordered by Jammu and Kashmir on the north, Punjab on the west and south-west, Haryana and Uttarakhand on the south-east and by the Tibet Autonomous Region on the east.Himachal Pradesh is famous for its abundant natural beauty.[4] After the war between Nepal and Britain, also known as the Anglo-Gorkha War (1814ââ¬â1816), the British colonial government came into power. In 1950 Himachal was declared a union territory, but after the State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is In the lap of Himalayas. It was named by Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma, one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh.The economy of Himachal Pradesh is currently the third fastest growing economy in India.[citation needed] Himachal Pradesh has been ranked fourth in the list of the highest per capita incomes of Indian states. The abundance of perennial rivers enables Himachal to sell hydroelectricity to other states such as Delhi, Punjab and Rajasthan. The economy of the state is highly dependent on three sources: hydroelectric power, tourism and agriculture.Himachal Pradesh is the least urbanized state in India with nearly 90% of population living in rural area, but the Shimla district is comparatively urbanized with nearly 25% population living in an urban area. According to a 2005 Transparency International survey, Himachal Pradesh is ranked the second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala.Contents1 History 2 Geography and climate 3 Flora and fauna 4 Subdivisions 5 Government 5.1 Chief Ministers of Himachal Pradesh 6 Agriculture 7 Economy 8 Heritage 9 Transport 10 Demographics 10.1 Languages 11 Cultu re 11.1 Food 11.2 Famous people 12 Education 12.1 Universities and colleges 13 Media and communication 14 State profile 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External linksHistory Main article: History of Himachal PradeshThe history of the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh dates back to the time when the Indus valley civilisation flourished between 2250 and 1750 BCE.[7] Tribes such as the Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars and Kirats inhabited the region from pre-historic era. During the Vedic period, several small republics known as ââ¬Å"Janapadaâ⬠existed which were later conquered by the Gupta Empire. After a brief period of supremacy by King Harshavardhana, the region was once again divided into several local powers headed by chieftains, including some Rajput principalities.These kingdoms enjoyed a large degree of independence and were invaded by Delhi Sultanate a number of times. Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra at the beginning of the 10th ce ntury. Timur and Sikander Lodi also marched through the lower hills of the state and captured a number of forts and fought manyà battles. Several hill states acknowledged Mughal suzerainty and paid regular tribute to the Mughals. Sansar Chand (c.1765ââ¬â1823)The Gurkhas, a martial tribe, came to power in Nepal in the year 1768. They consolidated their military power and began to expand their territory. Gradually the Gorkhas annexed Sirmour and Shimla. With the leadership of Amar Singh Thapa, Gorkhas laid siege to Kangra. They managed to defeat Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra, in 1806 with the help of many provincial chiefs. However Gorkhas could not capture Kangra fort which came under Maharaja Ranjeet Singh in 1809. After the defeat the Gorkhas began to expand towards the south of the state.However, Raja Ram Singh, Raja of Siba State managed to capture the fort of Siba from the remnants of Lahore Darbar in Samvat 1846, during the First Anglo-Sikh War. They came into direct conflict with the British along the tarai belt after which the British expelled them from the provinces of the Satluj. The British gradually emerged as the paramount power. In the revolt of 1857, or first Indian war of independence, arising from a number of grievances against the British, the people of the hill states were not as politically active as were those in other parts of the country. They and their rulers, with the exception of Bushahr, remained more or less inactive. Some, including the rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami, rendered help to the British government during the revolt. Rock Cut Temple, MasroorThe British territories came under the British Crown after Queen Victoria's proclamation of 1858. The states of Chamba, Mandi and Bilaspur made good progress in many fields during the British rule.[7] During World War I, virtually all rulers of the hill states remained loyal and contributed to the British war effort, both in the form of men and materials. A mong these were the states of Kangra, Jaswan, Datarpur, Guler, Nurpur, Chamba, Suket, Mandi and Bilaspur.After independence the Chief Commissioner's Province of H.P. came into being on 15 April 1948 as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states (including feudatory princes and zaildars) in the promontories of the western Himalaya, known in full as the Simla Hills States & four Punjab southern hill States by issue of the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order, 1948 under Sections 3 & 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O. of 1950). The State of Bilaspur was merged in the Himachal Pradesh on 1 April 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954. Himachal became a part C state on 26 January 1950 with the implementation of the Constitution of India and the Lt. Governor was appointed. Legislative Assembly was elected in 1952.Himachal Pradesh became a Union Territory on 1 November 1956. Fo llowing area of Punjab State namely Simla, Kangra, Kulu and Lahul and Spiti Districts, Nalagarh tehsil of Ambala District, Lohara, Amb and Una kanungo circles, some area of Santokhgarh kanungo circle and some other specified area of Una tehsil of Hoshiarpur District besides some parts of Dhar Kalan Kanungo circle of Pathankot tehsil of Gurdaspur District; were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on enactment of Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 by the Parliament. On 18 December 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. Thus Himachal emerged as the eighteenth state of the Indian Union.Geography and climateMain article: Geography of Himachal Pradesh Key Gompa with Spiti River flowing behind. A summer view of Khajjiar. Climate Temperature [citation needed] â⬠¢ Avg. Winter 7 à °C (45 à °F) â⬠¢ Avg. Summer 28 à °C (82 à °F) Precipitation 1,469 mm (57.8 in) Asian Paradise Flycatcher in Kullu Himalyan Monal at Birds Park in ShimlaHimachal is situated in the western Himalayas. Covering an area of 55,673 kilometres (34,594 mi),[3] it is a mountainous state with elevation ranging from about 350 metres (1,148 ft) to 7,000 metres (22,966 ft) above the sea level.The drainage system of Himachal is composed both of rivers and glaciers. Himalayan rivers criss-cross the entire mountain chain. Himachal Pradesh provides water to both the Indus and Ganges basins.[10] The drainage systems of the region are the Chandra Bhaga or the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, the Sutlej and the Yamuna. These rivers are perennial and are fed by snow and rainfall. They are protected by an extensive cover of natural vegetation.There is great variation in the climatic conditions of Himachal due to extreme variation in elevation. The climate varies from hot and sub-humid tropical in the southern tracts to cold, alpine and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges with more elevation.[11] The stat e has areas like Dharamsala that receive very heavy rainfall, as well as those like Lahaul and Spiti that are cold and almost rainless.Broadly, Himachal experiences three seasons: Summer, Winter and rainy season. Summer lasts from mid April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in alpine zone which experiences a mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28 à °C (82 à °F) to 32 à °C (90 à °F). Winter lasts from late November till mid March. Snowfall is common in alpine tracts (generally above 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) i.e. in the Higher and Trans-Himalayan region). Flora and faunaMain article: Protected areas of Himachal PradeshAccording to 2003 Forest Survey of India report, legally defined forest areas constitute 66.52% of the area of Himachal Pradesh, although area under tree cover is only 25.78%.[12] Vegetation in the state is dictated by elevation and precipitation.The southern part of the state, at lower elevations than the north, has both t ropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests and tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests.[12] These are represented by northwestern thorn scrub forests along the border with Haryana and Uttar Pradesh and by Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests in the far southeast. Sal and shisham are found here.Rising into the hills, we find a mosaic of western Himalayan broadleaf forests and Himalayan subtropical pine forests. Various deciduous and evergreen oaks live in the broadleaf forests, while Chir pine dominates the pine forests. Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests grow near treeline, with species that include East Himalayan Fir, West Himalayan Spruce, Deodar (State tree), and Blue pine.The uppermost elevations have western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows in the northeast and northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows in the northwest. Trees are sturdy with a vast network of roots. Alders, birches, rhododendrons and moist alpine shrubs are there as the reg ional vegetation. The rhododendrons can be seen along the hillsides around Shimla from March to May. The shrublands and meadows give way to rock and ice around the highest peaks.Himachal is also said to be the fruit bowl of the country with orchards scattered all over the place. Meadows and pastures are also seen clinging to steep slopes. After the winter season, the hillsides and orchards bloom with wild flowers, while gladiolas, carnations, marigolds,[13] roses, chrysanthemums, tulips and lilies are carefully cultivated. The state government is gearing up to make Himachal Pradesh as the flower basket of the world.Himachal Pradesh has around 1200 bird and 359 animal species, including the leopard, snow leopard (State animal), ghoral, musk deer and Western Tragopan.[citation needed] It has 2 major national parks and sanctuaries ââ¬â the largest number in the Himalayan region. The Great Himalayan National Park in Kullu district was created to conserve the flora and fauna of the m ain Himalayan range, while the Pin Valley National Park to conserve the flora and fauna of the cold desert. SubdivisionsMain article: List of districts of Himachal PradeshHimachal Pradesh is divided into 12 districts namely, Kangra, Hamirpur, Mandi, Bilaspur, Una, Chamba, Lahaul and Spiti, Sirmaur, Kinnaur, Kullu, Solan and Shimla. The state capital is Shimla which was formerly British India's summer capital under the name Simla.A district of Himachal Pradesh is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Himachal Administrative Service and other Himachal state services. Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities. A Superintendent of Polic e, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials.GovernmentMain article: Government of Himachal Pradesh Town Hall in Shimla.The Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh has no pre-Constitution history. The State itself is a post-Independence creation. It came into being as a centrally administered territory on 15 April 1948 from the integration of thirty erstwhile princely states.Himachal Pradesh is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. The legislature consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in th e Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, although the titular head of government is the Governor.The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assemblyà is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 68 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA).[15] Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs.Governments have seen alternates between Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and In dian National Congress (INC), no third front ever has become significant. In 2003, the state legislative assembly was won by the Indian National Congress and Virbhadra Singh was elected as the chief minister of the state. In the assembly elections held in December 2007, the BJP secured a landslide victory. The BJP won 41 of the 68 seats while the Congress won only 23 of the 68 seats. BJP's Prem Kumar Dhumal was sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh on 30 December 2007.In the assembly elections held in November 2012, the Congress secured an absolute majority.[16] The Congress won 36 of the 68 seats while the BJP won only 26 of the 68 seats. Virbhadra Singh was sworn-in as Himachal Pradesh's Chief Minister for a record sixth term in Shimla on 25 December 2012. Virbhadra Singh who has held the top office in Himachal five times in the past, was administered the oath of office and secrecy by Governor Urmila Singh at an open ceremony at the historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla.[17] Ch ief Ministers of Himachal PradeshYS+Parmar.jpg Thakur Ram Lal.jpg Virbhadra Singh HP.jpg Main article: List of Chief Ministers of Himachal PradeshYashwant Singh Parmar Thakur Ram Lal Shanta Kumar Virbhadra Singh Prem Kumar Dhumal Virbhadra SinghAgriculture Himalayas from Kullu ValleyAgriculture contributes nearly 45% to the net state domestic product. It is the main source of income as well as employment in Himachal. About 93% of the state population depends directly upon agriculture.However, agriculture in the state suffers from certain limitations, especially in the production of food grains. One of these reasons is that the area under cultivation can't be extended to an appreciable extent. Also, reclamation of land on slopes is not economical and increases environmental degradation. The state can profit more by cultivating cash crops as per the agro-climatic conditions.The main cereals grown in the state are wheat, maize, rice and barley. Kangra, Mandi and the Paonta valley of Si rmaur (to some extent) are the major producers of the first three cereals, while barley is mostly cultivated in Shimla.Though the state is deficient in food grains, it has gained a lot in other spheres of agricultural production such as seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig. Seed potato is mostly grown in the Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas. Special efforts are being made to promote cultivation of crops like olives, figs, hops, mushrooms, flowers, pistachio nuts, sarda melon and saffron.Fruit cultivation has also proved to be an economic boon. There are huge tracts of land suitable only for growing fruits. Fruit of all cultivation does not add to the problem of soil erosion and its employment potential is more than conventional farming. The yield per acre in terms of income is also much higher. Apple farming produces the maximum income. Fruit growing in the state is fetching over INR300 crore annually.Land husbandry initiativ es such as the Mid-Himalayan Watershed DevelopmentProject, which includes the Himachal Pradesh Reforestation Project (HPRP), the worldââ¬â¢s largest clean development mechanism (CDM) undertaking, have improved agricultural yields and productivity, and raised rural household incomes.[18] EconomyMain article: Economy of Himachal Pradesh Gross State Domestic Product at Current Prices figures in millions of Indian Rupees Year Gross State Domestic Product1980 7,940 1985 13,720 1990 28,150 1995 66,980 2000 135,900 2005 230,240 2007 254,350The era of planning in Himachal Pradesh started 1948 along with the rest of India. The first five-year plan allocated INR5.27 crore to Himachal. More than 50% of this expenditure was incurred on road construction since it was felt that without proper transport facilities, the process of planning and development could not be carried to the people, who mostly lived an isolated existence in far away areas. Himachal now ranks fourth in respect of per capi ta income among the states of the Indian Union.Agriculture contributes over 45% to the net state domestic product. It is the main source of income and employment in Himachal. Over 93% of the population in Himachal depends directly upon agriculture which provides direct employment to 71% of its people. The main cereals grown are wheat, maize, rice and barley.Hydro Power is also one of the major source of income generation for the State.[19] Identified Hydroelectric Potential for the state is 23,000.43 MW in five rivers basins[20] i.e. (Yamuna, Satluj, Beas, Ravi and Chenab). HeritageHimachal has a rich heritage of handicrafts. These include woolen and pashmina shawls, carpets, silver and metal ware, embroidered chappals, grass shoes, Kangra and Gompa style paintings, wood work, horse-hair bangles, wooden and metal utensils and various other house hold items. These aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts declined under competition from machine made goods and also because of lack of marketi ng facilities. But now the demand for handicrafts has increased within and outside the country.Himachal is extremely rich in hydro electric resources. The state has about 25% of the national potential in this respect. It has been estimated that about 20,300MW of hydro electric power can be generated in the State by constructing various major, medium, small and mini/micro hydel projects on the five river basins. The state is also the first state in India to achieve the goal of having a bank account for every family.[citation needed] As per the current prices, the total GDP was estimated at INR25,435 crore as against INR23,024 crore in the year 2004ââ¬â05, showing an increase of 10.5%.[21] TransportMain article: Transport in Himachal Pradesh Kalka-Shimla RailwayAir:State has three domestic airports in Shimla, Kullu and Kangra districts The air routes connect the state with Delhi and Chandigarh. Shimla Airport, which is around 21 km in west of city.Bhuntar Airport is in Kullu distr ict around 10 km away from district headquarter. Gaggal Airport is in Kangra district which is aorund 10 km from Kangra and 23 km from Dharamsala.Railway:Himachal is famous for its narrow gauge tracks railways, one is UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankotââ¬âJogindernagar. Total length of these two tracks is 259 km. Kalka-Shimla Railway track isà passes through lot of tunnels while Pathankotââ¬âJogindernagar gently meanders through a maze of hills and valleys. It also has standard gauge railway track which connect Amb (Una district) to Delhi. Survey is being conducted to extend this railway line to Kangra (via Nadaun). Another proposed railway tracks in state are Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh.Road:Roads are the major mode of transport in the hilly terrains. The state has road network of 28,208 km (17,528 mi),[22] including eight National Highways (NH) that constitute 1,234 km (767 mi) and 19 State Highways wit h total length of 1,625 km.[22] Some roads get closed during winter and monsoon seasons due to snowfall and landslides. It is quite interesting that Hamirpur, has got the highest road density in the country.[23] DemographicsTraditional home, Manali [show]Population Growth [show]Literacy RateHimachal Pradesh has a total population of 6,856,509 including 3,473,892 males and 3,382,617 females as per the provisional results of the Census of India 2011. This is only 0.57 per cent of India's total population, recording a growth of 12.81 per cent. Total fertility rate (TFR) per woman is 1.8 which is one of lowest in India.Himachal Pradesh has a literacy rate of 83.78 per cent and gender ratio at 974/1000, according to the 2011 Census figures.Census-wise, the state is placed 21st on the population chart followed by Tripura at 22nd place. Kangra district was top ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223 (21.98%), Mandi district 999,518 (14.58%), Shimla district 813,384 (11.86%), Solan d istrict 576,670 (8.41%), Sirmaur district 530,164 (7.73%), Una district 521,057 (7.60%), Chamba district 518,844 (7.57%), Hamirpur district 454,293 (6.63%), Kullu district 437,474 (6.38%),à Bilaspur district 382,056 (5.57%), Kinnaur district 84,298 (1.23%) and Lahaul Spiti 31,528 (0.46%).The main communities are Rajputs, Rathis, Brahmins and Ghirth. The Ghirth (choudhary) community is found mainly in Kangra District. Himachal has a sizeable population of Tibetans. Himachal Pradesh has the one of the highest proportion of Hindu population in India (95%). Other religions that form a small percentage are Buddhism and Sikhism. The Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti region are mainly Buddhists. Sikhs mostly live in towns and cities and constitute 1.23% of the state population.For example they form 10% of the population in Una District adjoining the state of Punjab and 17% in Shimla, the state capital. The Buddhists are mainly natives and tribals from Lahaul and Spiti, where they form majorit y of 60% and Kinnaur where they form 40%, however the bulk are refugees from Tibet.[25] The Muslims constitute slightly 1.63% of the population of Himachal Pradesh.The life expectancy at birth in Himachal Pradesh is 62.8 years (higher than the national average of 57.7 years) for 1986ââ¬â1990. The infant mortality rate stood at 40 in 2010 and crude birth rate has declined from 37.3 in 1971 to 16.9 in 2010, below the national average of 26.5 in 1998. The crude death rate was 6.9 in 2010. Himachal Pradesh's literacy rate grew by 34.65% between 1981 and 2001.LanguagesHindi is both the official language and the lingua franca of Himachal Pradesh. However, much of the population speaks Pahari, which includes nearly all Western Pahari dialects. Medium of education in schools and colleges is Hindi, Punjabi, and English.CultureMain article: Culture of Himachal Pradesh `Kullu Dussehra festival The village of Nako in Kinnaur, Himachal PradeshHimachal was one of the few states that had remai ned largely untouched by external customs, largely due to its difficult terrain. With the technological advancements the state has changed very rapidly. It is aà multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states. Some of the most commonly spoken languages includes Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri. The caste communities residing in Himachal include the Brahmins, Rajputs, Gujjars, Gaddis, Ghirth (choudhary), Kannets, Rathis and Kolis, Sood There are tribal populations in the state which mainly comprise Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis.The state is well known for its handicrafts. The carpets, leather works, shawls, metalware, woodwork and paintings are worth appreciating. Pashmina shawls are a product that is highly in demand in Himachal and all over the country. Himachali caps are famous art work of the people. Extreme cold winters of Himachal necessitated wool weaving. Nearly every household in Himacha l owns a pit-loom. Wool is considered as pure and is used as a ritual cloth. The well-known woven object is the shawl, ranging from fine pashmina to the coarse desar. Kullu is famous for its shawls with striking patterns and vibrant colours. Kangra and Dharamshala are famous for Kangra miniature paintings.Local music and dance reflect the cultural identity of the state. Through their dance and music, they entreat their gods during local festivals and other special occasions. Apart from the fairs and festivals that are celebrated all over India, there are number of other fairs and festivals that are of great significance to Himachal Pradesh.Shimla, the state capital, is home to Asia's only natural ice skating rink.FoodThe day to day diet of Himachalis is though similar to the rest of north India but is unique for its taste and ingredients used. They have lentil, rice, and vegetables. The rotis (breads) are made of flours like wheat and maze. Some of the specialties of the Himachali c uisine include Mandra, Maahni, Batt, Mitha Saloona, Bhujju, Saag, Palda, Redhu, chouck, bhagjery, jhoul,siddu/batooru, beduan, chutney, khatti dal, etc. Famous peopleProminent people associated with Himachal include The Great Khali, Anupam Kher, Amrish Puri (who studied here), Prem Chopra (brought up here), Mohit Chauhan, Anand Sharma (member of Rajya Sabha and Union Cabinet Minister for Commerce and Industry of the Government of India), Third Supreme Court Chief-Justice and former Prime Minister of Kashmir in 1947 Mehr Chand Mahajan, economist and former vice-president of World Bank Shahid Javed Burki, NSG Commando, Pritam Singh, Bollywood actresses Preity Zinta is the brand ambassador of the state while other famous people from Hindi cinema are Kangna Ranaut, Hollywood actress Namrata Singh Gujral, Satyananda Stokes who introduced the company ââ¬Å"appleâ⬠in the region, writer Idries Shah, ornithologist Allan Octavian Hume (had his home here); former general of Pakistan Muh ammad Zia-ul-Haq and current president of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai who both studied here.Vijay Kumar won silver medal in 25m shooting in 2012 Summer Olympics belong to village Harsore near Barsar in Hamirpur district. EducationMain articles: Education in Himachal Pradesh and List of institutions of higher education in Himachal Pradesh Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital at ShimlaIndian Institute of Advanced Study at Shimla National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, (Admin block)Himachal Pradesh has one of the highest literacy rates in India next to Kerala.[31] Hamirpur District is among the top districts in the country for literacy.[31] Education rates among women are quite encouraging in the state.[31] The standard of education in the state has reached a considerably high level as compared to other states in India[31] with several reputed educational institutes for higher studies.The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Hima layan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab), Palampur, the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, the Central University Dharamshala, the Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies Baddi, the Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Eternal University, Sirmaur & Chitkara University Solan are some of the pioneerà universities in the state.CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur is one of the most renowned hill agriculture institutes in world. Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry has earned a unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines. Further, state-run Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College started in 2006 at Sundernagar is an important milestone in higher technical education in the state.The state government is working constantly to prepare plans and projects to strengthen the education system. The state gove rnment decided to start three nursing colleges to develop the health system.There are over 10,000 primary schools, 1,000 secondary schools and more than 1,300 high schools in Himachal. The state government has decided to start three major nursing colleges to develop the health system in the state.[31] In meeting the constitutional obligation to make primary education compulsory, Himachal has became the first state in India to make elementary education accessible to every child.The state has Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital, Kumarhatti. Besides that there is Himachal Dental College which is the state's first recognised dental institute Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-26416491942140577152020-01-04T15:17:00.001-08:002020-01-04T15:17:03.295-08:00My Philosophy of Education Essay example - 770 Words Philosophy of Education I decided to become a teacher because when I was growing up, I watched a lot of teachers that would never take time to help those that needed it. There were times I was one of those students. I also love to help people and make a difference in their life. Therefore, I want to become a teacher. One of the philosophies I will use is progressivism. John Dewey, who was a social reformer with a background in philosophy and psychology, thought through active interplay with others, activities have meanings for us. I agree with the fact that a lot more students learn more and better when they are actually doing what they are taught. I am going to have students learn through socialâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In my family I am the first one to go to college, so I have reached one of my goals in life. Now I am working on my second goal, which is to become a teacher. That is why I will push my students in setting their goals and meeting them, in the best way that I can. Another philosophy I will use in my classroom is behaviorism, which Harvard professor B. F. Skinner recommends, ââ¬Å"moral standards derive from scientific observation of human behaviorâ⬠I think that rewarding students for good behavior or good grades is really good for them. It will make them want to work harder in order to get the rewards. Using such things as giving them a reward for getting an A on a test, or being good all week without getting their name on the board. I will also reinforce behavior for example; if the whole class does well on the test I will give them extra time at recess. Addressing the classroom rules to the students so that they would know them and follow them. I will allow the students to learn at their own pace trying not to put a lot on them at one time. It is important to allow them to pick up on what is being taught so that they know and understand what they are learning. I see that a lot of times students are hurried trying t o learn a lot of material that they do not understand that well and the teacher would go and move on to the next subject without some of the students understanding what they are doing. Not realizingShow MoreRelatedMy Philosophy On The Philosophy Of Education844 Words à |à 4 PagesIn mathematics, as in life, everything must be brought to the simplest of terms. I base my teaching philosophy on the foundation that every student is capable of learning mathematics. I will strive, as a teacher, to ensure that my students are able to have a strong foundation of mathematical skills when they leave my classroom. Some students believe that they are not mathematically gifted; therefore, incapable of learning mathematics. 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But when you decide to become a teacher in a Christian school you are not only shaping this student to be successful in life but we are also shaping their Christian mind to do things with a feeling knowing that they are shape and where made by the image of GodRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Education1015 Words à |à 5 Pagesimmediately sparked my interest in becoming an educator and share my personal beliefs on the important aspects of education. In addition to this, I will present various traits I believe are essential and critical for teachers to successfully fulfill their role as an educator. During my elementary years, I developed an urge to frequently ask many questions during the school day. Being able to question anything was astonishing to me. This was because my parents were unable to answer my questions and help Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-49674155509744112262019-12-27T11:43:00.001-08:002019-12-27T11:43:02.814-08:00The Life Cycle of Butterflies and Moths All members of the order Lepidoptera, the butterflies and moths, progress through a four-stage life cycle, or complete metamorphosis. Each stageââ¬âegg, larva, pupa, and adultââ¬âserves a purpose in the insects development and life. Egg (Embryonic Stage) Once she has mated with a male of the same species, a female butterfly or moth will deposit her fertilized eggs, usually on plants that will serve as food for her offspring. This marks the beginning of the life cycle. Some, like the monarch butterfly, deposit eggs singly, scattering their progeny among the host plants. Others, such as the eastern tent caterpillar, lay their eggs in groups or clusters, so the offspring remain together for at least the early part of their lives. The length of time required for the egg to hatch is dependent on the species, as well as environmental factors. Some species lay winter-hardy eggs in the fall, which hatch the following spring or summer. Larva (Larval Stage) Once development within the egg is completed, a larva hatches from the egg. In butterflies and moths, we also call the larvae (plural of larva) by another nameââ¬âcaterpillars. In most cases, the first meal the caterpillar eats will be its own eggshell, from which it gains essential nutrients. From then on, the caterpillar feeds on its host plant. The newly hatched larva is said to be in its first instar. Once it grows too big for its cuticle, it must shed or molt. The caterpillar may take a break from eating as it prepares to molt. Once it does, it has reached its second instar. Often, it will consume its old cuticle, recycling the protein and other nutrients back into its body. Some caterpillars look just the same, only bigger, each time they reach a new instar. In other species, the change in appearance is dramatic, and the caterpillar may seem to be an entirely different kind. The larva continues this cycleââ¬âeat, poop, molt, eat, poop, moltââ¬âuntil the caterpillar reaches its final instar and prepares to pupate. Caterpillars readying for pupation often wander from their host plants, in search of a safe place for the next stage of their lives. Once a suitable site is found, the caterpillar forms a pupal skin, which is thick and strong, and sheds its final larval cuticle. Pupa (Pupal Stage) During the pupal stage, the most dramatic transformation occurs. Traditionally, this stage has been referred to as a resting stage, but the insect is far from at rest, in truth. The pupa does not feed during this time, nor can it move, though a gentle touch from a finger may yield an occasional wiggle from some species. Butterflies in this stage are chrysalides and moths in this stage are cocoons. Within the pupal case, most of the caterpillar body breaks down through a process called histolysis. Special groups of transformative cells, which remained hidden and inert during the larval stage, now become the directors of the bodys reconstruction. These cell groups, called histoblasts, initiate biochemical processes which transform the deconstructed caterpillar into a viable butterfly or moth. This process is called histogenesis, from the Latin words histo, meaning tissue, and genesis, meaning origin or beginning. Once the metamorphosis within the pupal case is completed, the butterfly or moth may remain at rest until the appropriate trigger signals the time to emerge. Changes in light or temperature, chemical signals, or even hormonal triggers may initiate the adults emergence from the chrysalis or cocoon. Adult (Imaginal Stage) The adult, also called the imago, emerges from its pupal cuticle with a swollen abdomen and shriveled wings. For the first few hours of its adult life, the butterfly or moth will pump hemolymph into the veins in its wings to expand them. The waste products of metamorphosis, a reddish liquid called meconium, will be discharged from the anus. Once its wings are fully dried and expanded, the adult butterfly or moth can fly in search of a mate. Mated females lay their fertilized eggs on appropriate host plants, beginning the life cycle anew. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-89642743185337855672019-12-19T07:32:00.001-08:002019-12-19T07:32:03.439-08:00Substance Abuse in the Elderly, Disabled, and LBGT... The purpose of this paper is to explore the multicultural reaches of substance abuse by examining populations that are often overlooked in addiction studies. Over the past several decades, many general studies have been done about the prevalence and effects of addiction. These studies often focus on risk factors, daily use and/or treatment, and information is gathered through polls and observations. Most of these studies, however, are nonspecific regarding social and cultural factors. I will focus on how addiction affects three vulnerable populations: the elderly, disabled, and gay/lesbian/bisexual/transgendered populations. One population that is often overlooked when examining addiction is the elderly. In reality, alcoholismâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The Royal College of Psychologists warns that even normal amounts of alcohol can be a danger to the elderly because of balance issues; alcohol can exacerbate unsteadiness and increase the risk of falling Although more elderly people seek treatment for alcohol abuse, it is not the most commonly abused substance among this population. Compared to adolescents and younger adults, illegal drug use among older adults is rare, however prescription drug abuse is common. Over 1/3 of all prescription medication sold in the United States is used by elder individuals, and most of the prescribed drugs have high abuse potential (Doweiko, p. 256). Consequently, more people over the age of 65 abuse prescription drugs than any other substance. Because of age-related medical problems, undiagnosed mood disorders (such as chronic depression, often magnified by social factors such as loss of peers or a spouse), and changed body chemistry, this population is particularly vulnerable to the effects of and the abusive properties of pharmaceuticals. These factors combined with the fact that many elderly adults have multiple prescriptions that can interact with each other and compound the risk for addic tion. Out of all the drugs prescribed to older adults, sedatives and benzodiazepines potentially cause the greatest concern. Benzodiazepines are prescribed to older adults more than any other age group. According to the Center for Substance Abuse Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-66366130691391685532019-12-11T04:14:00.001-08:002019-12-11T04:14:03.221-08:00Online vs Offline Bookings free essay sample Online versus offline bookings The upcoming decade for travel agencies The number of travel agents has declined sharply during the last decade. According to an article of RockCheetah (www. rockcheetah. com, viewed on 12 May 2013) 30 per cent of all travel agents have had to close down since 2000. The reason of the major decline seem clear. The internet is infinitely popular and beholds many advantages over the rather old fashioned travel agents. The online booking of holidays is preferred by many people because of several reasons. The best rates are just few clicks away while various organisations and tour operators are compared simultaneously. Moreover, no additional charges have to be paid to a travel agent. Complementary, cars and traffic jams are avoided because it is no longer necessary to get in the car. All can be arranged from the comfort of a own home. Questioned is whether travel agencies still have any purpose in todays society and if they will last for another decade. Booking a trip online has considerable disadvantages. The internet is open for all to post anything on it. Companies often claim the best rates, accommodations, photos and reviews. There is a great possibility that this not reflects the truth and therefore comes across as deceiving. An overload of unreliable information is the result, which makes the search of a holiday much longer than intended. Kate Springer of TIME news feeds states that the average person spends more than two hours to search and book a trip online (www. time . com, viewed on 12 May 2013) The same article of TIME claims that the IBM Institute for Business Value 20 per cent of them took more than five hours to find the proper holiday. Besides, the freedom to post anything causes the internet to be a less safe place. Cybercriminals have many opportunities to create websites offering false products, to steal real money. After listing all apparent advantages booking online trips, it might be slightly difficult to opt for a travel agents. However, against expectations, travel agents have many advantages. Travel agents filter out the overload of information and provide the customer with detailed information about destinations and accommodations which is not available for the big public. This information also includes advice regarding to visa. Many agents have much travelling experience themselves, which exclusive information to the customer. Furthermore, a travel agent often saves much money. This is due to large quantity in purchases made of accommodation, tickets and excursions. When these are bought in larger quantities, travel agents often arrange attractive discounts, doing their best to get the best deal for the customer. Furthermore, many customers have additional requests regarding their trip. The overload of possibly false information causes difficulties to find the proper product for the customer. Much stress is saved when assembling a tailor made product is done by a travel agent. A travel agent has the knowledge and the resources to do so. It can be stated that the demand for travel agents along with the overflow of information on the internet is rising. No guarantees are given on the existence of travel agents for the upcoming decade. However, the prospects are optimistic. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-18288830117156374782019-12-03T15:55:00.001-08:002019-12-03T15:55:04.931-08:00Supply and Demand The Case of Milk Milk prices are soaring. Millions of consumers all over the world buy milk products on a daily basis and are not willing to give them up. Climate change, competition among biofuel producers, trade policies and other factors drive global milk prices and turn milk into one of the most expensive food products (Arnold, 2007). ââ¬Å"Cows are fed with corn and as more corn is diverted to energy production, feed costs and dairy farmers in turn pass those costs up the food chainâ⬠(Doherty, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Supply and Demand: The Case of Milk specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Simultaneously, international milk producers fail to cope with the growing demand for milk. The demand for milk products is at all-time high (Arnold, 2007). The roaring global economy and rising incomes in India, China, and Latin America make the task of producing enough milk extremely challenging and virtually unachievabl e (Arnold, 2007). Milk products are similar to gasoline: consumers cannot give them up even when the price grows unbearable (Doherty, 2007). Financial experts predict that, as the price of milk increases, the demand for milk products is likely to remain unchanged (Doherty, 2007). Apparently, the elasticity of demand for milk and milk products is extremely low. Put simply, the global demand for milk and milk products is not responsive to changes in milk prices. It should be noted, that elasticity is the central measure of market responsiveness in microeconomics (Baumol Blinder, 2008). The main determinants of demand elasticity include the nature of the good, availability of substitutes, household budgets, and passage of time (Rittenberg Tregarthen, 2011). The nature of the good is directly related to demand elasticity: necessities like food products tend to have inelastic demand curves (Baumol Blinder, 2008). This is particularly the case of milk, since many consumers perceive mil k as the fundamental ingredient of their diets and large food manufacturers use milk in their products. Milk does not have close substitutes, and substitutability remains one of the main factors of demand elasticity in microeconomics (Baumol Blinder, 2008). Given that the demand for milk is highly inelastic, the demand curve for milk will look as follows: Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fig.1. Inelastic demand for milk and milk products. Thousands of consumers spend their budgets on milk, because they believe it to be useful for their health. Consumers take the usefulness of milk for granted (Doherty, 2007). They treat milk as an excellent source of cheap proteins (Doherty, 2007). Therefore, if an advertising campaign spreads the message that milk helps to reduce weight, the quantity demanded will soar. Fig.2. Changes in quantity demanded and price after the advertising c ampaign. The price of milk in the short-term period will remain unchanged, as the growing demand for milk products does not reduce the costs of milk production. In short-term periods farmers will also experience the shortage of supply. In the long run, the price of milk will increase to create new market equilibrium. A mad cow disease epidemic will reduce the amount of milk in the market. The quantity demanded will drop, since customers will not be willing to purchase milk products and get infected. The supply curve will move to the left together with the demand curve. The price of milk will remain unchanged.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Supply and Demand: The Case of Milk specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Changes in the price of milk will cause no shifts in the demand curve. However, the quantity demanded will change. Consumers will want to purchase more milk at a lower price. An increase in the demand for mi lk products will manifest through movements along the demand curve. However, as the demand for milk increases, most farmers will fail to supply enough milk to the market, followed by the shortage of milk products. Consequentially, changes in the price of milk may move the supply curve to the left: possibly, milk manufacturers will have to adopt new technologies to meet the growing demand for milk. How the government price ceiling for milk affects the supply and demand of milk products depends on whether the ceiling price is below or above the market-determined equilibrium. Actually, the government price ceiling for agricultural products is a frequent object of microeconomic analysis. The government is believed to produce heavy influences on the stability and equilibrium in the milk market. The government-imposed price ceiling above the market-established equilibrium price will have no effects on either the supply or demand of milk. By contrast, the ceiling price below the market-est ablished equilibrium will cause profound effects on the supply and demand of milk. Farmers will not be able to charge the market price for milk. Some suppliers may choose to leave the milk market. Reduced supply will cause the shortage of milk products in the market. Consumers will fail to meet their demand for milk and milk products. Price control is one of the most controversial aspects of the market-government relationship. Government price ceilings reduce consumer prices, whereas price floors increase firmsââ¬â¢ revenues and incomes (Economics Help, 2008). Consumers believe that government price ceilings limit suppliersââ¬â¢ ambitions and make goods and service affordable. Government price ceilings alter the market equilibrium in the agricultural market. Price controls are associated with numerous disadvantages. First, government price ceilings lead to the shortage of goods in the market (Economics Help, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Second, government controls of minimum prices raise consumer prices and result in oversupply of products and production inefficiency (Economics Help, 2008). Given that milk does not have close substitutes and is considered a food necessity, its demand is inelastic. As a result, any increase in price for milk will inevitably lead to an increase in total revenues, as slight reductions in quantity demanded are a trifle, compared with the revenues earned from increased prices (Quick MBA, 2011). Conclusion Milk prices are soaring. More consumers are willing to have milk in their diets. Climate changes, new technologies, and increased consumer incomes make the task of producing enough milk virtually unachievable. The elasticity of demand for milk and milk products is extremely low. Put simply, the global demand for milk and milk products is not responsive to changes in milk prices. Many consumers perceive milk as the fundamental ingredient of their diets and large food manufacturers use m ilk in their products. Milk does not have close substitutes, and substitutability remains one of the main factors of demand elasticity in microeconomics. When an advertising campaign spreads the message that milk helps to reduce weight, the quantity demanded will soar. Changes in the price of milk will cause no shifts in the demand curve. Any increase in price for milk will inevitably lead to an increase in total revenues, as slight reductions in quantity demanded are a trifle compared with the revenues earned from increased prices. References Arnold, W. (2007). A thirst for milk bred by new wealth sends prices soaring. The New York Times. Web. Baumol, W. J. Blinder, A. S. (2008). Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Boston: Cengage Learning. Doherty, R. E. (2007). Milk demand stays strong despite high prices. Reuters. Web. Economics Help. (2008). Price controls ââ¬â advantages and disadvantages. Economics Help. Web. Quick MBA. (2011). Price elasticity of demand. Quick MBA. W eb. Rittenberg, L. Tregarthen, T. (2011). Principles of microeconomics. Flatworld Knowledge. Web. This essay on Supply and Demand: The Case of Milk was written and submitted by user Leonard Hatfield to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-92008659129279914272019-11-27T16:37:00.001-08:002019-11-27T16:37:05.146-08:00God Existence Essays (1348 words) - , Term Papers God Existence If you take a look up out in the sky on a seemingly clear night, try and ask yourself how the stars, the moon and everything else came to be. Again the question of existence takes over your mind the same way it did everyone else's years ago. How did the world begin? What was the cause? Who was the cause? A couple of weeks ago, I had the most interesting conversation with my brother. Actually, it was more like a provoked conversation to help me begin this paper. I asked him, "Do you believe that there is a God? A God who is said to be creator of all things, the one responsible for life and everything that happens to it? A being so mighty and great?" Of course, like he and any other catholic would say, "yes!" From there I was anxious to begin an argument based on what I had learned from the previous topics in my philosophy class on the existence of God. I asked him how one can attach himself to such belief based on what others say, what he has heard and from a holy book that was said to have come from God but dictated by man? How could he put all reason of existence behind nothing he has experienced on his own but only what others claim they have? Then a light shined on me. I was expecting him to give me reasons that questioned my faith. Instead, he casually turned and threw a question back at me. "Do you believe that there is such a thing as one million dollars?" I hesitantly answered, "yes," knowing what he was coming to. And then he asked me if I have ever seen one million dollars? I replied, "no". From there I saw his point. "What we believe has nothing to do with whether God exists." -Daniel Kolak I was never raised with a solid basis of Christian influence. In fact, I was never made to attend Sunday school where I would be taught the whole essence of my religion. I did though, go to mass every Sunday with my family, only to find it very funny how I did not really know or understand anything about the religion. I did not base my belief on God because of books and conditioned teachings because I was never exposed to any. In truth, I do not base it on anything at all. I don't need to listen to proofs formulated by scientists and philosophers such as St. Thomas Aquinas and his Five Cosmological proofs. I do not need to hear the story on how it was said that Jesus Christ saved us all, or about Moses and the Ten Commandments. I don't know why but I just do. Don't get me wrong, I have not closed my mind on this belief about God. I have learned that it is not good to attach our self to anything and close all doors on other possible ideas. "Being able to shift points of view is one of the main skills philosophy has to offer, not so much for the purposes of changing our views, but for the purpose of freeing ourselves from attachment of our own point of view so that we can really see and understand other's points of view." -Daniel Kolak This is where the role of your philosophy class came into place. It was more so to enable me to understand the other side and take on another perspective in hope that I will learn more about the ideals that I believe in. So why is it that philosophy teachers should be limited and restricted in accordance to the institution? Why is it that they are treated as a threat to Christianity and the teachings of religious schools? When in reality, all that these teachers are doing is allowing their students to grow by understanding something at all angles and allowing them to think for themselves. "...but they cannot harm nor destroy God, if there is a God." I took this line right out of the reading for it gave such a big impact. A line that should be posted, for all religious believers who are appalled when an atheist speaks his/her mind, to see. Why are these people so threatened? Can't their faith withstand the striking? Or is it not strong enough? When I heard your lectures, read your readings and read my own selected reading, I came to see the other side of Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-39661952788785856332019-11-24T00:13:00.001-08:002019-11-24T00:13:03.372-08:00Understanding and Developing Organizational Culture Essay ExampleUnderstanding and Developing Organizational Culture Essay Example Understanding and Developing Organizational Culture Paper Understanding and Developing Organizational Culture Paper The IT nits may be distributed according to business donation, geographic location, or both. All or any of the IT functions may be distributed. The degree to which they are distributed will vary depending upon the philosophy and objectives to the organizations management. 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of distributed data processing? Response: The advantages of EDP are: a. Cost reductions b. Improved cost control responsibility C. Improved user satisfaction d. Back up flexibility. The disadvantages (risks) are: a. Inefficient use Of resources b. Destruction of audit trails c. Inadequate segregation of duties . Difficulty acquiring qualified professionals e. Lack of standards 5. What types of tasks become redundant in a distributed data processing system? Response: Autonomous systems development initiatives distributed throughout the firm can result in each user area reinventing the Wheel rather than benefiting trot the work to others. For example, application programs created by one user, which could be used with little or no change by others, will be redesigned from scratch rather than shared. Likewise, data common to many users may be recreated for each, resulting in a high level of data redundancy. This situation has implications for data accuracy and consistency. 6. Explain Why certain duties that are deemed incompatible in a manual system may be combined in a CBS computer-based information system environment. Give an example. Response: The IT (CBS) environment tends to consolidate activities. A single application may authorize, process, and record all aspects Of a transaction. Thus, the focus of segregation control shifts from the operational level (transaction processing tasks that computers now perform) to higher. Level organizational relationships within the computer services function. 7. What are the three primary CBS functions that must be separated? Response: The three primary CBS functions that must be separated are as follows: a. Separate systems development from computer operations, b. Separate the database administrator from other functions , and c. Operate new systems development from maintenance. 8. What exposures do data consolidation in a CSS environment pose? Response: In a CBS environment, data consolidation exposes the data to losses from natural and man-made disasters. Consolidation creates a single point of failure. à The only way to back up a central computer site against disasters is to roved a second computer facility. 9. What problems may occur as a result of combining applications programming and maintenance tasks into one position? Response: One problem that may occur is inadequate documentation. Documenting is not considered as interesting a task as designing testing, and implementing a new system, thus a systems professional may move on to a new project rather than spend time documenting an almost complete project. Job security may be another reason a programmer may not fully document his or her work. Another problem that may occur is the increased potential for program raid. Fifth original programmer generates fraudulent code during development, then this programmer, through maintenance procedures, may disable the code prior to audits. Thus, the programmer can continue to cover his or her tracks. 10. Why is poor-quality systems documentation a prevalent problem? Response: Poor-quality systems documentation is a chronic IT problem and a significant challenge for many organizations seeking SOX compliance. At least two explanations are possible for this phenomenon. First, documenting systems is not as interesting as designing, testing, and implementing them. Systems repossession much prefer to move on to an exciting new project rather than document one just complete The second possible reason for poor documentation is job security. When a system is poorly documented, it is difficult to interpret, test, and debug. Therefore, the programmer who understands the system (the one who coded it) maintains bargaining power and becomes relatively indispensable. When the programmer leaves the firm, however, a new programmer inherits maintenance responsibility for the undocumented system. Depending on its complexity, the transition period may be long and costly. 11. What is RAID? Response: RAID (redundant arrays of independent disks) use parallel disks that contain redundant elements of data and applications. If one disk fails, the lost data are automatically reconstructed from the redundant components stored on the other disks. 2. What is the role off data librarian? Response: A data librarian, who is responsible for the receipt, storage, retrieval, and custody to data tiles, controls access to the data library. The librarian issues data files to computer operators in accordance with program requests and takes custody files when processing or backup procedures are completed. The trend in recent years toward real-time processing and the increased use of direct- access files has reduced or even eliminated the role of the data librarian in many organizations, 13. What is the role off corporate computer services department? How does this differ from other configurations? Response: The role Of a corporate computer services department (IT function) differs in that it is not a completely centralized model: rather, the group plays the role Of provider Of technical advice and expertise to distributed computer services. Tours, it provides much more support than would be received in a impolitely distributed model. A corporate computer services department provides a means for central testing of commercial hardware and software in an efficient manner. Further, the corporate group can provide users with services such as installation of new software and troubleshooting hardware and software problems. The corporate group can establish systems development, programming, and documentation standards, The corporate group can aid the user groups in evaluating the technical credentials of prospective systems professionals, 14, What are the five risks associated with distributed data processing? Response: The Five risks associated with distributed data processing are as a. Inefficient use of resources, destruction of audit trails, c. Inadequate segregation of duties, potential inability to hire qualified professionals, and e. Lack of standards. IS List the control features that directly contribute to the security of the computer center environment. A. Physical location controls b. Construction controls c. Access controls d. Air conditioning e. Fire suppression f. Fault tolerance 16. What is data conversion? Response: The data conversion function transcribes transaction data from paper source documents into computer input. For example, data conversion could be keying sales orders into a sales order application in modern systems or transcribing data into magnetic media (tape or disk) suitable for computer processing in legacy-type systems. 17, What may be contained in the data library? Response: The data library is a room adjacent to the computer center that provides safe storage for the off-line data files, Those files could be backups or current data files. For instance, the data library could store backups on DVDs, CD-Rooms, tapes, or other storage devices, It could also store live, current data lies on magnetic tapes and removable disk packs. In addition, the data library could store the original copies of commercial soft. are and their licenses for safekeeping. 18. What is an ORG Response: A recovery operations center (ROCK) or hot site is a fully equipped backup data center that many companies share. In addition to hardware and backup facilities, ROCK service providers Offer a range of technical services to their clients, who pay an annual fee for access rights. In the event of a major disaster, a subscriber can occupy the premises and, within a few hours, resume processing critical applications. , What is a cold site? The empty shell or cold site plan is an arrangement wherein the company buys or leases a building that will serve as a data center. In the event of a disaster, the shell is available and ready to receive whatever hardware the temporary user requires to run its essential data processing systems. 20. What is fault tolerance? Response: Fault tolerance is the ability of the system to continue operation when part of the system fails due to hardware failure, application program error, or operator error. Implementing fault tolerance control ensures that no single mint of potential system failure exists Total failure can occur only in the event of the failure of multiple components, or system-wide failure. 21. What are the often-cited benefits of IT outsourcing? Response: Often-cited benefits Of IT outsourcing include improved core business performance, improved IT performance (because of the vendors expertise), and reduced IT costs. 22. Define commodity IT asset. Response: Commodity IT assets are those assets that are not unique to a particular organization and are thus easily acquired in the marketplace. These include such things are nonvoter management, systems operations, server maintenance, and help-desk functions. 23. Define specific asset. Response: Specific assets, in contrast to commodity assets, are unique to the organization and support its strategic objectives. Because of their idiosyncratic nature, specific assets have little value outside of their current use. 24, List five risks associated with IT outsourcing. A. Failure to perform b. Vendor exploitation c. Outsourcing costs exceed benefits d. Reduced security e. Loss Of strategic advantage Discussion Questions 1. How is pre-SOX IT governance different from post-SOX IT governance? Response: Prior to SOX, the common practice regarding IT investments was to defer all decisions to corporate IT professionals. Modern IT governance, however, follows the philosophy that all corporate stakeholders, including boards of directors, top management, and department users (i. E. Accounting and finance) be active participants in key IT decisions. Such broad-based involvement reduces risk and increases the likelihood that IT decisions will be in compliance with user needs, corporate policies, strategic initiatives, and internal control requirements under SOX. . Although IT governance is a broad area, only three aspects of IT governance are discussed in the chapter. Name them and explain why these topics were chosen. Response: Although all IT governance issues are important to the organization, not all of them are matters of internal control under SOX that may potentially impact the financial reporting process. This chapter examined three IT governance issues that are addressed by SOX and the COOS internal control framework. These are: a. Organizational structure of the IT function, b. Computer center operations, and Disaster recovery planning. 3. What types of incompatible activities are prone to becoming consolidated in a distributed data processing system? HOW can this be prevented? Response: Achieving an adequate segregation of duties may not be possible in some distributed environments. The distribution of the IT services to users may result in the creation of small independent units that do not permit the desired separation of incompatible functions. For example, within a single unit the same person may write application programs, perform program maintenance, enter transaction data into the computer, and operate the computer equipment. Such a situation would be a fundamental violation of internal control. 4. Why would an operational manager be willing to take on more work in the tort of supervising an information system? Response: Managers are responsible for the success of their divisions, If the benefits to be reaped from a EDP are expected to be great enough, the manager may find it is worth her or his while to expend the extra effort, Some of the benefits the manager may hope will materialize within the divisions are more efficiently run operations, better decision making, and reduced processing costs. Increased customer satisfaction may also result if the DOPE system is more accommodating. 5. HOW can data be centralized in a distributed data processing system? Response: The data is stored centrally, but updated or processed at the local (remote) site. Thus, data is retrieved from the centralized data store, processed locally, and then sent back to the centralized data store. 6. Should standards be centralized in a distributed data processing environment? Explain. Response: The relatively poor control environment imposed by the EDP model can be improved by establishing some central guidance. The corporate group can contribute to this goal by establishing and distributing to user areas appropriate standards for systems development, programming, and documentation. 7. How can human behavior be considered one of the biggest potential threats to operating system integrity? Response: The purpose of segregation of duties is to deal with the potential negative aspects of human behavior including errors and fraud. The relationship between systems development (both new systems development and maintenance) and computer operations activities poses a potential risk that can circumvent operating system integrity. These functions are inherently incompatible. With detailed knowledge of application logic and control parameters and access to the computers operating system and utilities, an individual could make unauthorized changes to the application during its execution. 8. A bank in California has thirteen branches spread throughout northern California, each With its own minicomputer where its data are stored. Another bank has 10 branches spread throughout California, with its data stored on a mainframe in San Francisco. Which system do you think is more vulnerable to unauthorized access? Excessive losses from disaster? Response: The bank that has the data for all of its branches stored on one mainframe computer is at greater risk of access control. All of the firms records are centrally housed. Once a perpetrator gains unauthorized access to the system, the data for all 10 branches are at risk, For the other bank the perpetrator would have to breach security for each of the thirteen branch computers. Thus, the bank with all of data centrally stored on a mainframe is more vulnerable to access control. The primary disasters of concern in California are earthquakes and fires. The bank with a central mainframe in San Francisco is robbery at the greatest risk of damage from both earthquakes and fires. If that system is destroyed, all of the branches lose their processing capability and, possibly, stored data. 9. End-user computing has become extremely popular in distributed data processing organizations. The end users like it because they feel they can more readily design and implement their own applications. Does this type of environment always foster more efficient development Of applications? Explain your answer. Response: Distributed data processing if not properly managed, may result in duplication of efforts. Two or more individual end users may develop similar applications While completely unaware Of each Others efforts. Such duplication is an inefficient use of human resources. 10. Compare and contrast the following disaster recovery options: mutual aid pact, empty shell, recovery operations center, and internally provided backup. Rank them from most risky to least risky, as well as from most costly to least costly. Response: A mutual aid pact requires two or more organizations to agree to and trust each other to aid the other with data processing needs in the event of a disaster. This method is the lowest cost, but also somewhat risky. First, the host company must be trusted to scale back its own processing in order to process the transactions of the disaster-stricken company, Second, the firms must not be affected by the same disaster, or the plan fails. The next lowest cost method is internally provided backup. With this method, organizations with multiple data processing centers may invest in internal excess capacity and support themselves in the case of disaster in one data processing center. This method is not as risky as the mutual aid pact because reliance on another organization is to a factor. In terms of cost, the next highest method is the empty shell where two or more organizations buy or lease space for a data processing center. The space is made ready for computer installation; however, no computer equipment is installed. This method requires lease or mortgage payments as well as payment for air conditioning and raised floors. The risk in this method is that the hardware, software, and technicians may be difficult, if not impossible, to have available in the case Of a natural disaster. Further, if multiple members systems crash simultaneously, an allocation problem exists. The method with lowest risk and also the highest cost is the recovery operations center. This method takes the empty shell concept one step further-?the computer equipment is actually purchased and software may even be installed. Assuming that this site is far enough away from the disaster-stricken area not to be affected by the disaster, this method can be a very good safeguard. 1 1. Who should determine and prioritize the critical applications? How is this done? How frequently is it done? Response: The critical applications should be identified and prioritize by the seer departments, accountants, and auditors, The applications should be prioritize based upon the impact on the short-run survival of the firm. The frequency with which the priorities need to be assessed depends upon the amount and kinds of changes that are made to systems over time. Firms that make changes frequently should reassess priorities frequently. 12. Why is it easier for programmers to perpetrate a fraud than operators? Response: It is much easier for programmers to perpetrate a fraud because they know the code. They know how to get around Some, or most, Of the embedded controls. Better yet, some programmers deliberately program code that gets them around controls and allows them to commit fraud. 13. Why should an organization centralize the acquisition, testing, and implementation of software and hardware within the corporate IT function? Response: The corporate IT group is better able to evaluate the merits of competing vendor software and hardware. A central, technically astute group such as this can evaluate systems features, controls, and compatibility with industry and organizational standards most efficiently. Test results can then be strutted to user areas as standards for guiding acquisition decisions. 14 Organizations sometimes locate their computer centers in the basement of their buildings to avoid normal traffic flows, Comment on this practice. Response: Locating the computer center in the basement to a building can create an exposure to disaster risk such as floods. The Chicago Board of Trade computer centers systems were located in the basement of a multi-storied office building in Chicago. When the century-old water pipelines burst, part of the first floor and the entire basement flooded. Trade was suspended for several days until system functionality could be restored, causing the loss of millions of dollars. This disaster would have been prevented if the computer center had simply been located on the top floor-?still away from normal traffic flows, but also away from the risk of flood. 15. The 2003 blackout that affected the U. S. Northeast caused numerous computer failures. What Can an organization do to protect itself from such uncontrollable power failures? Response: The decision regarding power controls can be an expensive one and usually requires the advice and analysis of experts. The following, however, are options that can be employed. Voltage regulators and surge protectors provide regulated electricity. Related to the level of electricity (frequency), and clean electricity, related to spikes and other potential hazards. Power outages and brownouts can generally be controlled with a battery backup (known as an uninterruptible power supply). 16. Discuss potential problem with ROCs. Response: Because of the heavy investment involved, ROCS are typically shared among many companies. The firms either buy shares in or become subscribers to the ROCK, paying monthly fees for rights to its use, That situation does provide mom risk because a widespread natural disaster may affect numerous entities in the same general geographic area, If multiple entities share the same ROCK, some firm or firms will end up queued in a waiting line. 17. Discuss two potential problems associated with a cold site. A. Recovery depends on the timely availability of the necessary computer hardware to restore the data processing function. Management must obtain assurances from hardware vendors that the vendor will give priority to meeting the organizations needs in the event Of a disaster. An unanticipated hardware apply problem at this critical juncture could be a fatal blow. B. With this approach there is the potential for competition among users for the shell resources, the same as for a hot site. For example, a widespread natural disaster, such as a flood or earthquake, may destroy the data processing capabilities of several shell members located in the same geographic area. Those affected by the disaster would be faced with a second major problem: how to allocate the limited facilities of the shell among them. The situation is analogous to a sinking ship that has an inadequate number of lifeboats. 8. Discuss three techniques used to achieve fault tolerance. A. Redundant arrays of inexpensive (or independent) disks (RAID), There are several types to RAID configurations. Essentially, each method involves the use of parallel disks that contain redundant elements of data and applications. If one disk fails, the lost data are automatically reconstructed from the redundant components stored on the other disks, b. Uninterruptible power supplies. In the event of a power outage, short-term backup power (i. E. , battery power) is provided to allow the system to shut down n a controlled manner. This process will prevent the data loss and corruption that would otherwise result from an uncontrolled system crash, lag. Explain the outsourcing risk of failure to perform Response: Once a client firm has outsourced specific IT assets, its performance becomes linked to the vendors performance. The negative implications Of such dependency are illustrated in the financial problems that have plagued the huge outsourcing vendor Electronic Data Systems Cop. DES). In a cost-cutting effort, DES terminated seven thousand employees, which impacted its ability to serve Other clients. Following an eleven-year low in share prices, DES stockholders filed a class-action lawsuit against the company. Clearly, vendors experiencing such serious financial and legal problems threaten the viability of their clients also. 20. Explain vendor exploitation. Response: Once the client firm has divested itself of specific assets it becomes dependent on the vendor. The vendor may exploit this dependency by raising service rates to an exorbitant level, As the clients IT needs develop over time beyond the original contract terms, it runs the risk that new or incremental revises will be negotiated at a premium, This dependency may threaten the clients long-term flexibility, agility, and competitiveness and result in even greater vendor dependency. 21, Explain why reduced security is an outsourcing risk, Response: Information outsourced to off-shore IT vendors raises unique and serious questions regarding internal control and the protection of sensitive personal data. When corporate financial systems are developed and hosted overseas, and program code is developed through interfaces with the host companys network, US corporations are at risk of losing control of their information. TO a large degree, US firms are reliant on the outsourcing vendors security measures, data-access policies, and the privacy laws of the host country. 22. Explain how IT outsourcing can lead to loss of strategic advantage. Response: Alignment between IT strategy and business strategy requires a close working relationship between corporate management and IT management in the concurrent development of business and IT strategies. This, however, is difficult to accomplish when IT planning is geographically redeployed off-shore or even domestically. Further, since the financial justification for IT outsourcing upends upon the vendor achieving economies of scale, the vendor is naturally driven toward seeking common solutions that may be used by many clients rather than creating unique solutions for each of them, This fundamental underpinning to IT outsourcing is inconsistent with the clients pursuit of strategic advantage in the marketplace, 23, Explain the role of a ASS 70 report in reviewing internal controls. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-90759076060063663702019-11-21T06:09:00.001-08:002019-11-21T06:09:10.450-08:00Employment Relations in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 wordsEmployment Relations in UK - Essay Example Employment relations in U.K, were a victim of improper communication between the stake holders and the stake holders pursuing their own interests rather than the common industry interests. As a result the scene was chaotic and conflicts rose between the Union strongholds, managements of various organizations and the Government. It is almost impossible to single out any part to blame but collectively employment relations suffered greatly, as a result economic growth took the back seat and new employable areas almost vanished. When situation looked grim and almost impossible to repair dramatic changes took place. Europe, which has adapted well to the call for change in Human relations has acted like a catalyst in the change movement that took place in U.K. Surprisingly, stake holders in Employment relations in U.K, responded positively to the call for change and mended their ways. Situation bettered and employment relations are definitely looking clear and focused to let changes take place. What brought such a sudden change in their attitude is proper dialogue and a establishment of a transparent communication among the stake holders. It is not that there is no communication system previously, They have learnt what are the communication barriers which are hampering the process and they have successfully removed them. Change Management- the order of the day: The concept - employment relations bring out the participation of stake holders in building healthy and prospective relationships. This academic essay focuses on identifying the stake holders, their responsibilities, roles they have played and the type of transition that has taken place in U.K. In the present day industry to change is the norm of the day. Any organization which has remained static and resisted changes has been phased out. Human Relations Management over the last decade has learnt how to adapt to changing situations and guide the organization towards achievement of its objectives by innovating and changing. The changes are not without their due share of problems. U.K in the past was haunted by colonialism and a high degree of collective bargaining among the workers. Trade Unions and Labor Unions ruled the roost for most of the period and actually crippled the economy and productivity. However the situation took a turnaround and seems a much brighter scene than the past. What caused this turnaround is the never say die spirit of the Brits and the positive influence of the European market as a whole on U.K. Stakeholders in employment relations: Employment Relations is "Maintaining all possible contacts with the participatory involvement of public, the corporate, the Government and the Unions and generate value for the organization". (Public & Industrial Relations, P.34, 35, 2005, V.K.Gupta). I have observed the participation of the all the above said stake holders and the respective roles played by them in the problem phase and the solution phase. Some of the stakeholders are: i. The Management of various organizations. ii. Respective Employees and their individual actions. iii. The role played by Trade Unions & Employee Welfare Organizations. iv. Policies laid by the Government and Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-16850152534133809072019-11-20T05:55:00.001-08:002019-11-20T05:55:06.141-08:00Service Quality for Retail Banking in the UK - Barclays, PLC DissertationService Quality for Retail Banking in the UK - Barclays, PLC - Dissertation Example Responsiveness is a measure of the willingness to help customers and provide them with prompt service. Assurance measures the competence, courtesy, credibility and security of the service provided, while the empathy is about the caring and individualised service that the bank provides to its customers. This would help the bank in realising whether its customers are satisfied on all grounds and whether there are any gaps in their satisfaction level. We would follow the same standard set by the previously referred authors. A questionnaire survey method will be adopted to measure the service quality of the bank. The study is based on primary data from customers of Barclays and secondary data based on previous studies and shows the different dimensions of retail banking and issues related to service quality and customer satisfaction in case of UK banks. Although Barclays retail bank is considered as an example here, the thesis is to draw a general conclusion on retail banking and the service quality that would be appropriate for customer satisfaction. Several studies and published papers on banking and customer satisfaction and the associated service quality attributes are discussed here. Any research study should not only trace the existing parameters for the variables involved but also provide some future perspective of reference. Within this context, the levels of customer satisfaction could be found out from primary data in which customers are directly required to complete surveys and provide responses on what changes they expect in the future and what kind of services they have encountered in the banks. Their suggestions and recommendations from questionnaires form the basis for... This study is an assessment of how much this change has been implemented or is successful within the branches. The corporate strategy of Barclays has also been analyzed and showed how the bank strategy could or should change from an emphasis on sales to an emphasis on customer service. The attitudes and behaviors of customer service officials have also changed towards customers suggesting that changing of corporate strategy tend to have a direct impact on employee behavior and company functions and performance as well. In conclusion, there are several issues that have been highlighted through this study and shows that after an appraisal and interview and survey of customer attitudes and expectations. Some individuals, however, expressed their problems as seen in the qualitative dimension or analysis of the study and suggested that the bank should be more concerned with individualized attention and improve its services by being prompt and efficient. Improving certain online banking features and international banking features were also considered important for overall improvement of the bankââ¬â¢s functions. This study has shown that although Barclays has been largely known for poor customer services and focuses more on sales rather than customer services, itââ¬â¢s recent change of approach with greater emphasis on improving customer services than improving sales figures seem to have worked for positive results as customers seem to be more satisfied with the services offered by the banks. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-88157668635022204152019-11-17T18:26:00.001-08:002019-11-17T18:26:05.178-08:00Vocabulary and semantics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsVocabulary and semantics - Essay Example Hence the phrase, flea market Today, the term is used to describe rent spaces for traders dealing in used goods that are of low quality and at low prices. Morphology Morphology is the study of word structure. Morphology is the process of identifying, analyzing and describing the structures of a languageââ¬â¢s morphemes and other linguistic units, such as root words, parts of speech and intonation or stress. The term ââ¬Å"flea marketâ⬠is made up of two words; flea and market, which are the morphemes to this phrase. A morpheme is the smallest single unit in the grammar of a language and its study is called morphology. A morpheme may not be a word as a morpheme has to stand on its own. There are free and bound morphemes. A free morpheme is a single unit that stands on its own and has meaning, whereas a bound morpheme appear as only parts of words, always supported by the root or by another bound morpheme. The term ââ¬Å"flea marketâ⬠is made up of two free morphemes as the word ââ¬Å"fleaâ⬠can stand on its own and still have meaning and also the word ââ¬Å"marketâ⬠has meaning on its own. ... The phrase ââ¬Å"flea marketâ⬠can also be thought to be a place inhabited by dirty traders. A collocation is a sequence of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance (Durkin, 2009). A collocation can be said to be two or more words that often go together, and may sound correct to a native speaker but be unnatural and sound wrong. The term ââ¬Å"flea marketâ⬠sounds correct to a native speaker but may be very disturbing to a person, who is just learning the language, as that a person can loosely interpret it to be a place where fleas are sold. Semantic relationships Semantics is the study of meanings; the phrase ââ¬Å"flea marketâ⬠can be taken literally to mean a place where fleas are sold, or we can take the meaning where it denotes a place where second-hand items are sold. There are different semantic relationship types, and they include; Synonyms Synonyms are words that mean exactly the same. According to the Macmillan dictionary, t he term ââ¬Å"fleaâ⬠is synonymous to aphid, beetle and black widow, as all are types of insects (Hurford, 1996). The term ââ¬Å"marketâ⬠is synonymous to shop, as both are places where goods are traded. The phrase ââ¬Å"flea marketâ⬠is synonymous to yard sale. Antonyms Antonyms are words pairs whose meanings are opposite and lie in a continuous spectrum. The term ââ¬Å"fleaâ⬠has no antonym as there are so many things and animals that are opposites of insects. The term ââ¬Å"marketâ⬠is also broad as it involved buying and selling which are opposites of each other. As a modern place of trade dealing in mostly new items, a mall can be used as an antonym to a flea market. Pragmatic usage Pragmatics is a minor field of linguistics and studies ways how context contributes to the Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2741570044190361997.post-71917536889064342192019-11-15T06:58:00.001-08:002019-11-15T06:58:12.979-08:00Analyzing Marketing OpportunitiesAnalyzing Marketing Opportunities Marketing has often been defined in terms of satisfying customers needs and wants critics however maintain that marketing goes beyond that and creates needs and wants that did not exist before. According to these critics, marketers encourage consumers to spend more money than they should on goods and services they really do not need. Marketing was defined by the American Marketing association Board of Directors as Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. (Approved October 2007) http://www.marketingpower.com/aboutama/pages/definitionofmarketing.aspx Marketing is the process whereby society, to supply its consumption needs, evolves distributive systems composed of participants, who, interacting under constraints technical (economic) and ethical (social) create the transactions or flows which resolve market separations and result in exchange and consumption. Bartles2 What Is Marketing? How 10 Experts Define It Marketing Process The marketing process consists of analyzing marketing opportunities, developing marketing strategies, planning marketing programs, and managing the marketing effort. (Kotler)3 http://nraomtr.blogspot.ie/2011/12/marketing-strategy-marketing-process.html Analyzing Marketing Opportunities Market analysis involves market research about a product or service being offered it involves using primary and secondary data, looking at the economic situation of the country and the legal aspects political aspects, the legislation the competitors new entrants into the market and their market position. This data will be analysed using different statistical tools this will be used in identifying short, medium and long term on various marketing activities. This data provide useful information which enables the organisation to plans its marketing strategy. For example Tesco a grocery store will look at what Asda, Lidl Aldi and also what the likes of Sainsbury, marks and spencer are doing and their market share. Its in view as this that Tesco will determine what its marketing strategy will be. Developing Marketing Strategies Based on the Marketing research conducted Tesco will be able to determine what marketing strategy it will adopt for the next quarter on each of its product range and determine what market segment it will concentrate on. it might decide to contrate on fruit and vegetables or it might decide to concentrate of clothing differentiation decision is made to arrive at a product that will lead to the optimal profit. For example Tesco might decide to be a loss leader on a particular product while maximising profit in other areas Usually at Tesco price of some items are reduced but customers will come in because of this package but will end up buying other not discounted. Marketing Programs Marketing strategy leads to marketing mix, examples are budget allocation for a particular department, products etc Marketing Mix is the combination of four elements, called the 4Ps (Product, Price, Promotion and Place), that every company has the option of adding, subtracting, or modifying in order to create a desired marketing strategy. (Philip Kotler)4 Larry Steven Londre Marketing, IMC, Advertising, Promotion, Media and More. 2012 Edition There are large number of marketing tools. McCarthy5 provided a categorization for them in terms of four Ps of marketing: Product, price, place and promotion. Under each P, there are number of tools. Depending on the organisational choice it is possible to have some on a short term medium term or long term new products are usually on a long term basis In other to carry out budgeting for different marketing tools, sales functions this functions will relate to how sales will be affected be any incremental amount, This is known as sensitivity analysis. Product related marketing tools are in the form of quality,branding design,packaging, etc. While price related to commissions, discounts and middlemen commission to discount pricing like buy one and pay for I/2 price for the second. Place related are like on line sales Tesco in retail park, Tesco in large shopping centres and the Tesco express which can be in filling stations or in a neighborhood Promotion relates to Tesco club card owners who get personal sales promotions or instore promotions and TV and radio jingles or adverts, online and social media campaigns. Market Orientation was defined by McNamara (1972 p.51) as a philosophy of business management based upon a Company wide acceptance of the need for a customer orientation. Profit orientation and recognition of the important role of communicating the needs of the market to all corporate departments .5 Journal of marketing april 1990 Ajay Kohl and Barnard J Jaworski Market Orientation: the construct, research proposition and managerial implications The main points highlighted here are customer focus and profitability. The chances of new products failing is very much reduced and it provide the opportunity to cut its loss if indications are it may not be profitable the a stop can be put to it before the product is launched Where market Orientation approach is used there chance that consumer needs are being met with appropriate products or services are higher and inevitably the life product of such products or service will be prolonged and hence more profit. . Constant feedback from consumers This is an unending process through this constant market research this will enable the firm to make changes to the product as its see fits hence making higher profits and matching those of their competitors.. The disadvantages of marketing Orientation are It may be difficult to target campaigns at a large Market Constant market research it is very expensive thereby reducing profit* Where there is a specialised markets it will be difficult to fulfill the needs of the sub market(consumers) A good example of this is the graphic plotters used for architects similar plotters may not be ideal for factories with specialised technical construction or tool making. Product differentiation may at time be difficult especially for the likes of retail supermarket where they do not produce the products but for the company branding it is often difficult to differentiate a product and stand out from competition consumer wants often change due to income and consumption patterns for example someone who lost his/her job will change quickly from buying from Tesco to the likes of Lidl and Aldi. it may be hard to keep up with need of such people. Marketing environment is mainly made of two variables the micro and the macro factors these factors are mainly internal environment- micro and external environment macro The micro environment are variables that can be controlled or by management. E Jerome McCarthy 6 said the variables that the company can control in order to reach its target market are the four Ps. Price, products, promotion and place. A Communication-Based Marketing Model for Managing Relationships Tom Duncan and Sandra E. Moriarty Journal of Marketing Vol. 62, No. 2 (Apr., 1998), pp. 1-13 Macro are those outside the control of the organisation.they are proximate macro-environment The supplier environment The distributive environment The wider macro-environment Demography proximate macro-environment This involves the external forces for example, in the legal, cultural, economic and technological sub-environments. This are the people or firms with organisation immediate external environment. Of they are marketing firms, are suppliers, competitors and distributors (intermediaries). The supplier environment These are businesses that provide the firm with material and distribute to their retails in includes logistic companies and retailers the like of Tesco The distributive environment Emphasis is placed on intermediaries such as wholesalers, factors, agents and distributors so that final consumer get products The competitive environment The threat of competition cannot be over emphasised the orgainsation must be alert to the potential threat of other companies selling the same product. Ie Pepsi and Coke companies marketing similar and substitute product whether they are of domestic or foreign origin. The wider macro-environment Changes in the wider macro-environment may not be as close to the companys day-to-day operations, but they are equally important this falls into four The main factors making up these wider macro-environmental forces fall into four groups. Political and legal factors Economic factors Social and cultural factors Technological factors Demography In places like Iran, Tunisia, Syria and the middle east in general which were predominantly dominated by Pepsi, the advent of war has change the demography of the area. This is out of the control of Pepsi and It will have to readjust its marketing strategy and marketing Mix for this region. Market segmentation is defined as The process of defining and subdividing a large homogeneous market into clearly identifiable segments having similar needs, wants, or demand characteristics. Its objective is to design a marketing mix that precisely matches the expectations of customers in the targeted segment. 7 Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com http://www.coriolisresearch.com/pdfs/coriolis_tesco_study_in_excellence.pdf Fig 1 http://www.coriolisresearch.com/pdfs/coriolis_tesco_study_in_excellence.pdf Fig2 http://www.coriolisresearch.com/pdfs/coriolis_tesco_study_in_excellence.pdf (source) Gig 3 http://www.coriolisresearch.com/pdfs/coriolis_tesco_study_in_excellence.pdf Tesco provided six market segments to target the different consumers Need from the up class to the lower class income . The segments are self narrative with this concept Tesco was able to continuously increase its market share. Buyers behaviour often change depending on products , the consumers spending power, consumers needs and how urgent he need the product. The customer identifies a need :This often occurs from advertisement from TV, Radio, Bill board social media or words of mouth Looking for information At this stage the customer wants more information about the products and needs to see the product and discuss more with the sale representative Checking out alternative products and suppliers The consumer at this stage will look for a better buy either in terms of quality, pricing and will compare the product or service with those of other providers, Purchase decision . time at this stage the buyer is ready to buy and the sales personnel need to close the sale by giving the buyer an incentive to buy. It could be after sales service it could be a voucher. Using the product Cognitive dissonance a fear that the buyer may have made a wrong decision comes to play here especially when it is an expensive here simple how to use and after sales suffice or a form of warranty. There are four main factors that affect a buyer behaviour namely:-Social, Culture, psychological and personal.. Social: Groups membership, reference, aspirational opinion leaders or buzz marketing and family members. Culture: A persons wants or behaviour group with share values and ones social class. Personal; Age and life cycle, occupation personality and self concept Psychological: Motivation perception and beliefs and attitudes . Market positioning is the manipulation of a brand or family of brands to create a positive perception in the eyes of the public. If a product is well positioned, it will have strong sales, and it may become the go-to brand for people who need that particular product. Poor positioning, on the other hand, can lead to bad sales and a dubious reputation. A number of things are involved in market positioning, with entire firms specializing in this activity and working with clients to position their products effectively. 9 http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_examples_of_market_positioning With the current economic situation Tesco has gone to the cheap end of the market competing the likes of Lldl and Aldi. So the focus will be on main stream with competitive price Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17279407478870790160noreply@blogger.com0